Intro to Immunohematology

Question 1

to ensure that blood for transfusion is properly collected, preserved, stored, and dispensed for later use in blodtransfusion

Answer 1

blood banking

Question 2

concerned with the transfusion of blood and blood components in the treatment or prevention of disease.

Answer 2

transfusion medicine

Question 3

first person to advocate transfusion, though he didnt attempt to do it

Answer 3

Andreas Libavius (1615)

Question 4

envisioned the heart as a pump

Answer 4

Erasistratos

Question 5

Coined the term “circulation”

Answer 5

Andrea Cesalpino

Question 6

He is credited with the discovery of circulation in 1616

Answer 6

William Harvey

Question 7

He performed the first authentic blood transfusion (animal to animal)

Answer 7

Richard Lower

Question 8

He performed lamb blood transfusion to the carotid artery of a woman (animal to human)

Answer 8

Jean Baptiste Denis and Emmerez

Question 9

Attempted human-to-human blood transfusion

Answer 9

James Blundell

Question 10

Father of Modern Blood Banking, discovered ABO blood group system in 1901

Answer 10

Karl Landsteiner

Question 11

They described AB blood group in 1902

Answer 11

Sturli and DeCastello

Question 12

They described Rh typing

Answer 12

Landsteiner and Weiner

Question 13

Applied concept of compatibility testing in an actual transfusion

Answer 13

Ottenberg and Schultz

Question 14

He suggested that blood groups be made the basis for selection of donors for blood transfusion in 1911

Answer 14

Hektoen

Question 15

Described antiglobulin testing in 1945

Answer 15

Coombs

Question 16

He first carried out vein-to-vein transfusion of blood using multiple syringes

Answer 16

Edward E. Lindemann

Question 17

He designed syringe-valve apparatus

Answer 17

Unger

Question 18

He proposed defibrination in 1835

Answer 18

Bischoff

Question 19

Recommended usage of sodium phosphate

Answer 19

Braxton Hicks

Question 20

Reported the use of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant

Answer 20

Hustin

Question 21

Determined the minimum amount of sodium citrate needed

Answer 21

Lewisohn

Question 22

They introduced citrate-dextrose solution

Answer 22

Rous and Turner

Question 23

Introduced ACD as a preservative in 1943

Answer 23

Loutit and Mollison

Question 24

He supplanted ACD with CPD in 1957, CPD with adenine in 1965, and CPD-A1 in 1980s

Answer 24

Gibson

Question 25

First blood bank facility in 1932

Answer 25

Leningrad Russia Hospital

Question 26

Introduced usage of plastic blood bags

Answer 26

Walter and Murphhy

Question 27

This revolutionized treatment of Hemophilia A

Answer 27

Component therapy

Question 28

This changed the donor pool from a paid group to an mandated voluntary donation system

Answer 28

RA 7719

Question 29

3 areas of RBC biology crucial for normal RBC survival and function

Answer 29

1. normal chemical composition and structure of rbc membrane 2. hemoglobin structure and function 3. rbc metabolism

Question 30

semi-permeable lipid bilayer of rbc

Answer 30

rbc membrane

Question 31

extends from outer surface and span the inner cytoplasmic side of rbc

Answer 31

integral membrane proteins

Question 32

located to the cytoplasmic surface of membrane, forms rbc cytoskeleton

Answer 32

peripheral proteins

Question 33

to remain viable, normal RBCs should remain flexible

Answer 33

deformability

Question 34

this, together with active rbc cation transport prevent colloid hemolysis and controls rbc volume

Answer 34

permeability

Question 35

primary function of hemoglobin

Answer 35

O2 delivery to tissues and CO2 excretion

Question 36

Most important controls of hemoglobin's affinity to oxygen

Answer 36

2,3-DPG

Question 37

normal shape of oxygen dissociation curve

Answer 37

sigmoid

Question 38

shift to the left of curve indicators

Answer 38

increased: hb affinity to O2 & pH decreased: delivery of O2 to tissues, 2,3-DPG, CO2 and temp

Question 39

shift to the right of curve indicators

Answer 39

increased: delivery of O2 to tissues, 2,3-DPG, CO2 and temp decreased: hb affinity to O2 & pH

Question 40

anaerobic glycolytic pathway, produces 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, NADH

Answer 40

emben-meyerhof pathway

Question 41

ancillary pathways

Answer 41

pentose phosphate pathway methemoglobin reductase pathway leubering-rapoport shunt

Question 42

RBC storage lesion characteristics and changes (increases)

Answer 42

lactic acid, K+, hemoglobin

Question 43

RBC storage lesion characteristics and changes (decreases)

Answer 43

viable cells, glucose, atp, pH, 2,3-DPG, shift to the left

Question 44

storage time in days of CPDA-1

Answer 44

35 days

Question 45

strorage time in days of ACD-A, CPD, CP2D

Answer 45

21 days

Question 46

storage temp of ACD-A, CPD, CP2D and CPDA-1

Answer 46

1-6 degrees C

Question 47

if seal of pRBC and whole blood is broken, shelf-life is reduced to

Answer 47

24 hours

Question 48

if heparin is used as anticoagulant, blood is stored for a maximum of

Answer 48

2 days

Question 49

these are added to pRBCs after removal of the plasma with or without platelets

Answer 49

additive solutions

Question 50

how much additive solution is added to pRBC

Answer 50

150mL

Question 51

additive solutions consist of

Answer 51

saline, adenine, glucose

Question 52

these types of additive solution contain mannitol

Answer 52

AS-1 and AS-5

Question 53

AS-3 consists of

Answer 53

citrate and phosphate

Question 54

storage time in days of adsol, nutricel, and optisol

Answer 54

42 days

Question 55

primarily used for autologous units and storage of rare blood type

Answer 55

frozen rbcs

Question 56

most commonly used for rbc freezing

Answer 56

high glycerol @ -65c to -80C

Question 57

frozen rbcs may be stored up to

Answer 57

10 years (naol nagtatagal)

Question 58

deglycerolization uses what solution

Answer 58

hypertonic solution followed by isotonic solution

Question 59

types and components of deglycerlization

Answer 59

high glycerol : 12% nacl > 1.6% nacl > 0.9% nacl low glycerol : 45% nacl > 15% mannitol > 0.9% nacl agglomeration : 50% glucose and 5% fructose > 0.9% nacl

Question 60

rejuvenation is addition of ____ to regenerate ATP and 2,3-DPG

Answer 60

pyruvate, inosine, glucose, phosphate, adenosine

Question 61

RBCs are incubated at ___ for ____ using ____ rejuvenating solution

Answer 61

37C, 1-4hrs, 50mL

Question 62

identical inherited alleles

Answer 62

homozygous

Question 63

different inherited genes

Answer 63

heterozygous

Question 64

dominant phenotype in people who have one copy of allele

Answer 64

dominant allele

Question 65

recessive phenotype, individuals have two copies

Answer 65

recessive allele