most commonly performed hematological lab - CBC with diff provides complete hematological picture - Giemsa stain used

WBC less than 4000 - usually neuropenia: reduced neutrophils - often caused by cancer therapy - severe neutropenia leads to life theatening infection risk

intro to immunology Flashcards by Mo Sarwar

what component is innate immunity composed of?

: fixed and mobile elements

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Fixed components of immunity?

lymphoid organs

Primary
secondary

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what is innate immunity?

: activates first

-provides instructional signals for adaptive immunity

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what are myeloid cells?

the first line of defense

Myeloid progenitor to myeloblasts to basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, using G-CSF

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Lymphoid cells?

specific and long lasting immunity: in bone marrow

Mediators of adaptive immune responses

T,B, NK cells

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T cell precursor, matures how?

, IL7, goes to thymus, become t cells

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B cell precursor, matures how?

il7, B cells

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Describe properties of innate immune cells

In the blood, leukocytes

Immediate protection against microbial invasion

Blocks entrance of microbes and pathogens

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What is CBC?

most commonly performed hematological lab

CBC with diff provides complete hematological picture
Giemsa stain used

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what are Phagocytes and what do they do?

Include 1.neutrophils and 2.macrophages

Ingest and destroy microbes, get rid of damaged tissues

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Steps in functional responses of Phagocytes?

recruit cells to infection sites
recognize and be activated by microbes
injest microbes
destroy ingested microbes

Secrete cytokines to promote immune responses

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what is leukocytosis?

elevated white blood count

-can be due to increased eosinophils, basophils,lymphocytes, monocytes
-neutrophilia most common
-nonmalignant causes:
Infection
Necrosis
Drugs
Stresses
-get worried if theres left shift or if the person is very unwell

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what is Leukopenia?

WBC less than 4000

usually neuropenia: reduced neutrophils
often caused by cancer therapy
severe neutropenia leads to life theatening infection risk

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what are neutrophils, what do they do?

leukocytes with 3 to 5 lobule nucleuses

most common wbc
mediate earliest phases of inflammatory reactions

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how do neutrophils eliminate their target?

have peroxidase,lysozyme, defensins degradative enzymes

- produce inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

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how long do neutrophils live, where do they come from?

live for a few hours in blood
function for 1-2 days in inflammatory tissues

-come from myeloid progenitor cells , generation controlled by G CSF

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How do neutrophils kill bacteria?

by intra and extracellular means

I. can use phagocytosis to engulf bacteria and kill them with ROS
Ii. can release proteins to kill bacteria extracellularly
Iii. release traps to immobilize pathogens and prevent them from spreading and facilitate phagocytosis
Live after net formation

Monocytes vs. macrophages

Monocytes are predominant in blood, macrophages are in tissues

what are dendritic cells?

-dendritic cells are like macrophage and are the most efficient APC

where do monocytes come from, how long do they live?

come from myeloid cells, driven by M-CSF

-live a few days before undergoing apoptosis

monocytosis vs/monocytopenia

too many monocytes vs too few

-tissue resident macrophages?

are long lived cells that fulfill tissue specific functions, specialized phenotypes

what do monocytes do?

migrate into tissues and differentiate into inflammatory macrophages

 - involved in inflammatory reactions
 - tissue remodeling to repair collateral damage produced by hypersensitivity

Mast Cells, Basophils, and Eosinophils, what do they do?

innate immune responses, protect against helminthes

- granules filled with inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators

Mast Cells , what are they? role?

are tissue fixed - parasites, allergic and anaphylactic reactions - basophilic granules - mature mast cells dont circulate in blood - mast cell precursors differentiate locally - sentinel cells, respond to pathogens, allergens, antigens quickly

Mastocytosis?

- increase in mast cells within tissues - itching, hives, anaphylactic shock, due to release of histamine by mast cells - cutaneous mastocytosis when in skin

Basophils, what do they do?

are circulating in blood - parasites, allergic and anaphylactic reactions - basophilic granules

Eosinophils, what do they do?

defend against parasites and are in allergic reactions - large granules have 4 proteins - small granules have peroxidase and lipase - toxins against helminths!! - implicated in cell damage, exfoliation, bronchospasm

-Eosinophila?

low eosinophil count, allergic or atopic disorders cause this, infections too

Antigen-Presenting Cells? what do they do? best example?

part of innate immunity, present antigens to T Cells Dentritic Cells part of innate immunity professional APCs -divided into myeloid (MDCs) and plasmacytoid (pDCs)

myeloid cells, what do they do?

MDCs come from monocytes | -capture, process, present antigens on their surface to Tcells

plasmacytoid cells, what do they do?

PDCs produce IFN, circulate through blood and peripheral tissues

what are langerhans cells?

DC cells in epidermis of skin, Ag dependent activation

unique thing about adaptive immune cells?

- need cluster of differentiation to tell these cells apart - CD molecules are cell surface molecules used to differentiate leukocytes - interactions between B cells and T cells is critical

where do t cells develop?

in thymus, cell mediated immunity when Ag stimulated

-Cell mediated immunity, what is it?

T cells with AGPs host defense against microbes not accessible to Abs -CMI kills host cells that are infected

B lymphocytes, where do they come from, what do they do?

- develop in bone marrow | - leads to development in humoral immunity, leads to development of antibodies

T helper lymphocytes, what do they do?

- help b cells make high affinity Abs - activate macrophages to kill microbes - attract CTLs to directly destroy infected cells

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, what do they do?

cytotoxic T cell to attack and destroy virtually any cell that is infected with a cytosolic pathogen. A membrane-bound molecule, the Fas ligand, expressed by CD8 and some CD4 T cells, is also capable of inducing apoptosis by binding to Fas expressed by some target cells

Natural Killer cells, what are they, what do they do?

- innate immune cells, broad specificity - come from lymphoid progenitor cells - granular lymphocytes that survey, purge body of infectd and precancerous cells - recognize Ags normally expressed on host cells - from bone marrow precursors, distinct from T or B cells, differentiation in bone marrow

what is unique about nk cell specificity?

-no antigenic specificity or immunological memory destroy target cell without prior stimulation

generation of diversity and clonal selection in T and B lymphocytes?

-exposure to antigen causes proliferation of appropriate ag specific cell, diversity among immune cells exists before this - all individuals have distinct lympocytes - lymphocytes bind Ag, triggered to give rise to clones specific for Ag, which react to destroy Ag -mature lymphocytes in tissues are activated by antigens, which activate immune specific response