intro to Implicit Bias Flashcards
1
Q
What does cultural diversity include?
A
- race
- sex
- ethnicity
- culture
- ability
- disability
- socioeconomic status
- talents
- language
- religion
- spiritual practices
- sexual orientation
- gender identity
- geographic region
- age
- country of origin
- life experiences
2
Q
prejudice
A
- a negative attitude toward a group and its individual members
- commonly thought to involve emotions similar to dislike and even hate, but it can also stem from other negative emotions like anger, fear, disgust, pity, and jealousy
- even positive emotions can cause prejudice, like pride or admiration
- emotions
3
Q
stereotypes
A
- the socially shared beliefs about a group and its individual members
- Dr. Wright talked about how we are constantly collecting and storing “schemas” of information about objects, places, events, and people
- -> stereotypes represent the schemas of information we collect and store about a group of people
4
Q
discrimination
A
- negative behavior directed toward a group and its individual members
- acts of discrimination can include overt aggression meant to harm someone physically or psychologically, but most acts of discrimination, especially as they occur in medicine, are subtle
5
Q
racism/sexism/ageism
A
the practice of discrimination based on racial/gender/age differences
6
Q
social stigma
A
- study of how people cope with being the target of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination:
– members of stigmatized groups can feel
7
Q
stereotype threat
A
- refers to the risk of confirming negative stereotypes about an individual’s racial, ethnic, gender, or cultural group
8
Q
What are the four steps of how intergroup bias operates?
A
1 - categorization of people into groups
2 - activation of stereotypes about the group
3 - stereotypes can elicit attitudes and specific emotional responses, like anger or fear
4 - discrimination towards members of stigmatized group
9
Q
How does categorization play a role in the operation of intergroup bias?
A
- categorization processes involve chunking information into meaningful groups or categories based on attributes of the information
- when presented with a stimulus, we are good at determining quickly how it fits into our pre-existing schemas, based on its similarities and dissimilarities to our existing knowledge structures
- categorization processes help us make sense of the world quickly and efficiently, but they often lead to the next step in the process of intergroup bias: activation of stereotypes about the group
10
Q
Moreso in step 2 (activation of stereotypes), how does categorization play a role in the operation of intergroup bias?
A
once we categorize an individual as a member of a group, if we have stereotypes about the group, those beliefs can become prevalent in our thinking
11
Q
Stereotypes typically tell you what two things?
A
- Does this patient intend to cooperate or not?
- Are they going to enact their good or ill intentions?
12
Q
What are the two factors int he stereotype content model?
A
- warmth
- competence
13
Q
What are the four physiological responses to specific groups of patients based on the perceptions of warmth and competence?
A
- high warmth/low competence
- high warmth/high competence
- low warmth/low competence
- low warmth/high competence
14
Q
high warmth/low competence
A
- white immigrants, elderly, disabled, effeminate gay men, housewives
Prejudice: emotions of pity, sympathy
Discrimination: active help/protect or passive harm/neglect behaviors
15
Q
high warmth/high competence
A
- middle class whites, Christians, Canadians, 3rd gen. immigrants, closeted gay men
- Prejudice: emotions of pride, admiration
- Discrimination: active help/protect or passive help/association behaviors
16
Q
low warmth/low competence
A
- poor African-Americans and whites, undocumented immigrants, Latinos, homeless people, drug addicts, rough-trade gay men
- Prejudice: emotions of disgust, contempt
- Discrimination: active harm/attack or passive harm/neglect behaviors
17
Q
low warmth/high competence
A
- African-American professionals, Asian immigrants, Jewish Americans, outsider entrepreneurs, lesbians, professional women, and gay male professionals
- Prejudice: emotions of envy, jealousy
- Discrimination: active harm/attack or passive help/association behaviors
18
Q
Prejudice: emotions of pity, sympathy
A
- high warmth/low competence
- white immigrants, elderly, disabled, effeminate gay men, housewives
- Discrimination: active help/protect or passive harm/neglect behaviors
19
Q
Prejudice: emotions of envy, jealousy
A
- low warmth/high competency
- African-American professionals, Asian immigrants, Jewish Americans, outsider entrepreneurs, lesbians, professional women, and gay male professionals
- Discrimination: active harm/attack or passive help/association behaviors
20
Q
Prejudice: emotions of disgust, contempt
A
- low warmth/low competence
- poor African-Americans and whites, undocumented immigrants, Latinos, homeless people, drug addicts, rough-trade gay men
- Discrimination: active harm/attack or passive harm/neglect behaviors
21
Q
Prejudice: emotions of pride, admiration
A
- high warmth/high competence
- middle class whites, Christians, Canadians, 3rd gen. immigrants, closeted gay men
- Discrimination: active help/protect or passive help/association behaviors
22
Q
What are two sources of stereotypes?
A
- broader culture
- people with whom we interact, like our parents, siblings, peers, teachers, and mentors
23
Q
Schema-based reasoning
A
use of information about group characteristics in a way that can be functional for diagnosing and treating disease
24
Q
What are two ways that you learn to use schema-based reasoning in medicine?
A
- epidemiology : study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations; knowing that certain groups of patients are likely to suffer specific health and disease conditions
- cultural knowledge: understanding of the manner in which people of diverse cultures and belief systems perceive health and illness and respond to various symptoms, diseases, and treatments
25
Errors in trying to categorize a patient and use information about that group membership to form an impression or make a judgement leads to what?
stereotyping
| misuse of schema-based reasoning
26
What is the difference between schema-based reasoning and stereotyping?
Schema-based reasoning is ACCURATE use of group-based information in patient care, while Stereotyping is INACCURATE use of this information.
27
Stereotyping occurs when people use group-based information as what?
as an endpoint instead of starting point
28
What are three mistakes that follow from stereotyping?
- incorrectly draw conclusions about someone based on the way they appear (ex: look at patient and incorrectly categorize him or her as a member of a group two which he/she doesn't belong
With accurate categorization:
- "they are all the same" = over-generalization = Out-group Homogeneity ==> leads to missing variability within group
- "I know what these people are like" = inaccurate or irrelevant
29
Stereotyping and prejudice are most likely to cause discrimination when:
- you have LITTLE INFORMATION about a patient except group membership (e.g., a history or when "eyeballing" someone in the hallway)
- you are physically and mentally FATIGUED
- you are COGNITIVELY OVERLOADED (multitasking or distracted)
- you are WORKING QUICKLY
30
There are two social cognitive systems for processing information we store in schemas:
- system 1
- system 2
Which relates to implicit/explicit bias?
- system 1 : implicit bias
| - system 2 : explicit bias
31
How does system 1 information processing relate to implicit bias?
- system 1 operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control
- system 1 contains learned associations between objects and concepts
- this repeated/learned exposure can cause us to make automatic associates so quickly that we do not even perceive the operation ==> it occurs implicitly
- implicit associations occur even if our explicit goals are directing conscious attention to other activities or events
- you can bring to mind irrelevant stereotypes and negative emotions, and then discriminate against patients, without knowing that you are doing so
32
Implicit Associations Test
- uses a computer to measure the strength of associations between patient groups (e.g., African-Americans, obese people) and evaluations (e.g., good, bad) or stereotypes (e.g., athletic, flabby)
- the main idea is that people can more quickly respond to a picture or word when categorizing it with closely related items (e.g., obese people and bad) compared to when categorizing it with items that are not related (e.g., thin people and bad
ex: we would say that one has an implicit preference for thin people relative to obese people if they are faster to categorize words when obese people and bad share a response, relative to when thin people and bad share a response
33
What are some examples of studies using the IAT with physicians show that:
- physicians exhibit implicit prejudice against people who are obese
- physicians exhibit implicit associations between African American and Hispanic patients and noncompliance
- physicians and nurses exhibit implicit prejudice against injecting drug users
- mental health clinicians exhibit implicit prejudice against mentally ill people
