Intro to inflammation

Question 1

What is inflammation?

Answer 1

Protective response to injury and damaged cells

Question 2

What are examples of injury that cause inflammation?

Answer 2

Infectious agents
Temperature
Radiation 
Cancer
Necrotic cells
Trauma

Question 3

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

Answer 3

Swelling 
Heat
Loss of function 
Redness 
Pain

Question 4

Is inflammation part of the immune response? What main cells are involved? What mediates inflammation?

Answer 4

Yes
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Chemical factors

Question 5

When does inflammation stop?

Answer 5

Once injurious stimulus removed or mediators inhibited

Question 6

What are the 4 main components of inflammation?

Answer 6

Leukcocytes (WBCs)
Plasma
Blood vessels (endthelial cells)
Cells and extracellular matrix

Question 7

What proteins are present in plasma that aid inflammation?

Answer 7

Clotting factors
Fibrinogen
Bradykinin
Complement

Question 8

What leukocytes aid inflammation?

Answer 8

Polymorphonuclear WBCs (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Mononuclear WBCs (lymphocytes, monocytes)
Platelets

Question 9

How do blood vessels and endothelial cells help inflammation?

Answer 9

Allow movement of WBCs

Question 10

Apart from WBCs, what cells in extracellular matrix aid inflammation?

Answer 10

Mast cells (round cells, oval nuclei)
Fibroblasts (long thin cells, oval nuclei)

Question 11

What are the functions of extracellular matrix?

Answer 11

Reservoir for water and growth factors
Cells adhere to ECM
Cells migrate and proliferate within ECM

Question 12

Extracellular matrix consists of locally secreted proteins that assemble into spaces around cells. What fibrous components make up ECM?

Answer 12

Collagen
Elastin
Ahesive glycoproteins
Proteogylcans

Question 13

What are chemical mediators derived from?

Answer 13

Plasma or cells

Question 14

What triggers the release of chemical mediators of inflammation?

Answer 14

Inflammatory stumulus

Or produced by necrotic cells themself

Question 15

What do chemical mediators bind to? Are they long or short lived? What do they cause?

Answer 15

Specific receptor
Short lived
Cause direct enzyme activity or mediate oxidative damage

Question 16

Give example of vasoactive amines that act as chemical mediators of inflamation?What is their main source?

Answer 16

Histmaine - from mast cells

Serotonin - from platelets and mast cells

Question 17

What do vasoactive amines cause?

Answer 17

Dilation or arterioles
Constriction of large areries
Induction of endothelial gaps

Question 18

Give examples of arachidonic acid metabolites that act as chemical mediators

Answer 18

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Lipoxins

Question 19

What long does acute inflammation last? What are the main characteristics?

Answer 19

Short

Oedema and neutrophils

Question 20

How long does chronic inflammation last? What are the main characteristics?

Answer 20

Long duration

Lymphocytes, macrophages, blood vessel proliferation, fibrosis, cell degeneration

Question 21

Which white blood cells dominate in acute inflammation? What about chronic infalmmation

Answer 21

Acute - neutrophils

Chronic - lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 22

What is exudate?

Answer 22

Fluid emitted from a wound

Escape of fluid, proteins and blood cells from blood vessel into interstitial tissues

Question 23

Is exudate present in chronic or acute inflammation?

Answer 23

Acute

Question 24

What is transudate?

Answer 24

Fluid emitted due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased osmotic colloid pressure

Question 25

How does transudate differ to exudate?

Answer 25

Exudate - inflammation, contains protein and blood cells | Transudate - not caused by inflammation, contains less proteins and clearer

Question 26

What is pus?

Answer 26

Inflammatory exudate rich in WBCs and cell debris

Question 27

What does the suffix itis mean?

Answer 27

Inflammation

Question 28

What is the suffix osis?

Answer 28

Non-inflammatory lesion which causes tissue damage

Question 29

What is the suffix apathy?

Answer 29

Problem or lesion in an organ | Unknown cause

Question 30

What is peracuate inflammation?

Answer 30

In-between acute and chronic | Very severe but shorter duration than chronic

Question 31

What are the degrees of inflammation?

Answer 31

Mild Moderate Severe

Question 32

What are the durations of inflammation?

Answer 32

Peracute (minutes to hours) Acute (hours to days) Subacute (days) Chronic (months +)

Question 33

What are the distributions of inflammation?

Answer 33

``` Focal - one area Multifocal Extensive - large focal area Disseminated - multiple areas thought organ Diffuse - covered ```