Intro to Language and Culture Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
jakobson, 6 functions of language
referential
A
paired with reference, concept
2
Q
jakobson, 6 functions of language
expressive
A
paired with speaker
3
Q
jakobson, 6 functions of language
phatic
A
paired with the channel
4
Q
jakobson, 6 functions of language
directive
A
connective, paired with addressee
5
Q
jakobson, 6 functions of language
metalanguage
A
paired with code
6
Q
jakobson, 6 functions of language
poetic
A
paired with signs, sensual properties. defined by repetition of tokens of a common type
7
Q
Jakobson
Poetics
A
deals with problems of verbal structure. deals with evaluation of language.
8
Q
goffman
interactional order
A
turn taking, opening and closing markers
9
Q
goffman
paradigmatic
A
vertical, axis of selection
10
Q
goffman
syntagmatic
A
horizontal, axis of combination
11
Q
goffman
social situation
A
derived from Hymes, notion of speech community
12
Q
goffman
neglected situation
A
indicative vs. correlational, introduces performative
13
Q
goffman
performative
A
when you speak, you frame others and yourself. staging.
must be in the first person singular present indicative active.
not just stating an action, it’s actually performing it.
the performance of the act is the object.
14
Q
saussure
langue
A
arbitrary, synchronic (axis of combination), defined by speech community
15
Q
saussure
parole
A
motivated, diachronic (context dependent, anchored in time and space). no natural connection between signifier and signified
16
Q
Peirce
semiotic process
A
relationship between sign-process relationships and the process of interpretants
17
Q
Peirce
joint attention
A
index finger draws attention to sign which points to an object
18
Q
Peirce
hammering
A
sign - hammer
interpretant - hammering
object - can’t be seen, it’s the function
19
Q
Peirce
mental state
A
facial expression, intonation, volume are signs of it. we only have access to interpretants.
object is the correspondence preserving projection from a set of normatively appropriate and effective interpretants of a sign
20
Q
Peirce
cat vomit
A
sign, cat vomits. interpretant, ‘chix’. chix refers to object that the sign stands for
21
Q
Peirce
sign-process
A
relationship between sign-object relationship and interpretant-object relationship
22
Q
Peirce
iconic sign-object relationship
A
sign and object have a quality in common
23
Q
Peirce
indexical sign-object relationship
A
there’s a special temporal contiguity and/or causal relationship. index finger
24
Q
Peirce
symbolic sign-object relationship
A
sign and object are arbitrarily linked, conventional
25
# Peirce
1/3 qualisign
firstness, qualities of object. 'red' has to be a quality before being a sign
26
# Peirce
2/3 sinsign
secondness. actual fact. smell from hallway. effort is sometimes involved. happens in the here and now
27
# Peirce
3/3 legisign
thirdness. reason involved. not only the state of affairs but also mental states
28
# Peirce
1/3 affective interpretant
emotive, reaction
29
# Peirce
2/3 energetic interpretant
active, usually an action
30
# Peirce
3/3 representational interpretant
logical. ultimate interpretant. dispositions, beliefs, mental state and habits.
31
# Peirce
Signs, applied
Speech Acts, Roles
32
# Peirce
Objects, applied
Mental States, Social status
33
# Misc Authors
Agha
RP accent indexes socioeconomic status
34
# Misc Authors
Austin + Goffman: Speech Acts
Explicit (I promise to) Implicit (I'll do it)
35
# Misc Authors
Footing shift in performative
I said I'll go vs. I'll go
36
# Tomasello
symbol
instruments for the intentional pointing to signs.when there is an arbitrary sign-object relation enforced by rules, conventions and is code-dependent
37
# Tomasello
intersubjective knowledge
i know the symbol, so do you, but we also need to know that the other knows
38
# Tomasello
concrete indexical s-o relationship
sign, pointing gesture. object, what you're pointing at. interpretant, you turn to look.
39
# Tomasello
abstract inferential relationship
sign', you look down. object', you realize its a command. interpretant', you take off your shoes.
40
# Tomasello
cooperative communicative intention
have to turn to mutual knowledge about what each of us knows the other knows. addressees have to guess intentions of speaker with message.
41
# Tomasello
will vs. gonna
will implies shared intention. both interlocutors are participants in a shared activity with a single end
42
# Tomasello
primate communication
gestural, not vocal because it would be too homogenous. there's no intention, only instinct, so they can't stop themselves. don't take into account the addressee. signs are few but the same across all members of the species, while gestures can be community specific. there's no mediation or displacement between sign and object or sign and interpretant
43
# Tomasello
Shared Intentionality
Prosocial motivation and helpfulness. a tool to cultivate reciprocity and positive reception by others. because of collaboration we are at a distinct evolutionary advantage. created the need for third person and plural pronouns.
44
# Gal, Standard Languages in Europe
Language Ideology
large framework for looking at the world, whole system of beliefs, usually negative connotations which presume 'right' and 'wrong'. indexes a belief relating speech, speaker, grammar, origin, and socioeconomic status. link between upspeak and valley girls. it exists when you paraphrase what someone meant.
45
# Gal, Standard Languages in Europe
Dictionary
huge set of claims about a language. creates values about the 'good' and'bad' way of speaking.
46
# Gal, Standard Languages in Europe
Fundamental for communication
you cannot interpret a sign without a preexisting set of assumptions that link that sign to a possible object
47
# Gal, Standard Languages in Europe
culture
community specific semiotic processes.
48
# Gal, Standard Languages in Europe
public language ideology
set of semiotic processes that link groups of people
49
# Gal, Standard Languages in Europe
private language ideology
set of group-specific assumptions
50
# Gal, Standard Languages in Europe
types that codify language
grammars, dictionaries, literature
51
# Gal, Standard Languages in Europe
standards exist in every nation state
laws, street signs, news, make it understood that it's the 'right' way to speak/only way to speak/good way to speak.
52
# Gal, Standard Languages in Europe
standards are desirable
they index better education, job, overt prestige
53
# Gal, Standard Languages in Europe
standards are anxiety provoking
anything different than the standard is 'less', people see themselves and are seen as deficient to the standard
54
# Gal, Standard Languages in Europe
authentic
represents the language of the people and has to have enough idiosyncrasy to capture the spirit of the people
55
# Gal, Standard Languages in Europe
universal
not just democratic and widespread, rich enough to want to be translated into other languages
56
# Gal
Formal completeness
anything said can be translated into any other language because full languages have to be up to par and do things that other languages can do.
Disproving theory:
polar and cartesian coordinates. translation looks ugly because it doesn't maintain symmetry.
authenticity - lack of symmetry removes authenticity.
57
# Gal, Standards
Publics
anonymous community, addressees of one thing that have to seek out their role.
constituted by the attention of the addressee rather than that of speaker
we get glimpses of the other addressees, so we debate core values and in conclusion make political decision.
locked in the public arena, attending to certain key media
to what degree must language be shared to be part of the same public?
58
# Linton
Status
set of rights and responsibilities attendant upon holding a certain position in the social fabric. policeman, father, student, etc
59
# Linton
Role
acting on a right or responsibility. putting up a fence, arresting someone.
60
# Linton
Person
ensemble of statuses, which are activated when you assume a role. a social relation is comprised of participants having two or more complementing statuses
61
# Linton
Maintenance of status
through other people and self-regimentation.
62
# Linton
What regiments rights and responsibilities
laws, rules, rewards, punishments, pride, shame - psychological self-sanctioning
63
# Linton
Speech Acts
aren't true or false, but felicitous and infelicitous. can assume roles: 'i wed thee'. provide public and unambiguous evidence of status
64
# Linton
Important
you perceive a role (sign) someone is occupying, you infer a status (object) and come to expect other roles (interpretant) from the person which would relate to that status because of preexisting social ideologies. your attitude toward the role is the interpretant.
the relationship between role and status is equal to that of symptom and illness
65
Signifier
what you're saying and it's context in the world. it's the sound-image in contrast to the concept
66
# Hymes
Ethnography of speaking
the gap between grammar and ethnography. context of speech is cognitively important, like age, economic status, proficiency in other languages, etc.
67
# Hill,
Mock Spanish
Spanish language materials merged with English to create a jocular or pejorative key. emerged int he late eighteenth century
68
# Hill
Indirect Indexicality
indirect production of nonreferential meanings. can't suppress the racism, like overt indexicality of black TV shows. Addressees have to access racist mental imagery to understand Mock Spanish, so the 'Hispanic' can't be suppressed in words like 'nada'. it is done subconsciously.
69
# Saussure
Signified
the concept
70
# Saussure, Kockelman
Interjections
no permanent unifier between signifier and signified. s-o relation is arbitrary
71
# Gumperz, Language classes
Special parlances
borrow foreign words, with purposeful distortion for disassociation
72
# Gumperz, Language classes
Classic languages
Chinese, Arabic, Latin. can only be learned through special instruction, unrelated to popular speech. use is limited to a small percentage of elites.
73
# Gumperz, Language classes
Standard literary languages
replaced the classic, represent majority speech of modern nation-states. codified in dictionaries and grammars, spread by school systems, government and mass media.
74
# Goffman, Ethnography of communication
Indicative mode of speech analysis
studies new properties of speech behavior. gestures, tones, looks. auditory level and distance.
75
# Goffman, Ethnography of communication
Correlational studies
situational, context. value placed on these attributes specifically in a particular scenario. social situations dont have properties or structure, but map the intersections of particular social attributes.
76
# Goffman, Footing
Speaker: Principal
direct or current desire of the animator
77
# Goffman, Footing
Author
responsible for sentiments that are being expressed in the words that illustrate them
78
# Goffman, Footing
Principal
position is established by the words that are spoken. beliefs have been told, committed to what the words say
79
# Goffman, Footing
Animator
more analytic, the person animating the words and making the sounds.
80
Chronotopes
defined by Bahktin as the cultural configurations that index linguistic features to history and status.
81
# Austin, Felicity conditions
1/6 Misfires
incompletion of promise
82
# Austin, Felicity conditions
2/6 Abuses
completion under suspect or insincere circumstances
83
# Austin, Felicity conditions
3/6 Misfires: misinvocation
there is no set procedure or the procedure cannot be made applicable in the intended way
84
# Austin, Felicity conditions
4/6 Misfires: misapplication
procedure exists, but cannot be applied as intended
85
# Austin, Felicity conditions
5/6 Misfires: misexecution
act is vitiated by flaws or hitches
86
# Austin, Felicity conditions
6/6 Misunderstanding
fails to presuppose that the utterance was heard and understood
