Intro to Metabolism

Question 1

The overall process through which living systems acquire and use energy to carry out various functions.

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

The degradation of nutrients and cell components to salvage components and/or generate energy.

Answer 2

Catabolism

Question 3

The biosynthesis of biomolecules from simpler molecules.

Answer 3

Anabolism

Question 4

What are the intermediates in metabolic pathways called?

Answer 4

Metabolites

Question 5

Which type of metabolism carries out exergonic oxidation of nutrients?

Answer 5

Catabolism`

Question 6

What drives anabolic reactions?

Answer 6

The energy derived from catabolic reactions

Question 7

What class of enzymes catalyze oxidation/reduction reactions in metabolism?

Answer 7

Oxidoreductases

Question 8

What classes of enzymes catalyze group transfer reactions in metabolism?

Answer 8

1) Transferases

2) Hydrolases

Question 9

What classes of enzymes catalyze elimination, isomerization, and rearrangement reactions in metabolism?

Answer 9

1) Isomerases

2) Mutases

Question 10

What classes of enzymes catalyze carbon-carbon bond breaking or formation reactions in metabolism?

Answer 10

1) Hydrolases
2) Lyases
3) Ligases

Question 11

What are the products of the Citric Acid Cycle (TCA)?

Answer 11

1) CO2

2) NADH and FADH2

Question 12

What are the reduced enzymes (products of the TCA) that drive electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 12

NADH and FADH2

Question 13

What are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 13

1) ATP
2) NAD+
3) FAD
4) H20

Question 14

What are metabolic reactions controlled by? What guarantees the efficiency of reactions?

Answer 14

Enzymes; the enzymes guarantee efficiency by preventing useless or toxic by-products.

Question 15

What allows different metabolic pathways to occur at the same time?

Answer 15

The pathways are compartmentalized.

Question 16

What types of proteins are necessary for metabolism due to the compartmentalization of metabolic pathways?

Answer 16

Transport proteins

Question 17

In what organelle does the Citric Acid Cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid break-down take place?

Answer 17

Mitochondrion

Question 18

Where does glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid biosynthesis, and many reactions of gluconeogenesis take place?

Answer 18

The cytosol of the cell

Question 19

In which organelle does enzymatic digestion of cell components and ingested material take place?

Answer 19

Lysosome

Question 20

In which organelle does DNA replication and transcription and RNA processing take place?

Answer 20

Nucleus

Question 21

In which organelle does post-translational processing of membrane and secretory proteins and formation of plasma membrane and secretory vesicles take place?

Answer 21

Golgi apparatus

Question 22

In which organelle does synthesis of membrane-bound and secretory proteins take place?

Answer 22

Rough ER

Question 23

In which organelle does lipid and steroid biosynthesis take place?

Answer 23

Smooth ER

Question 24

In which organelle do oxidative reactions carried out by amino acid oxidases and catalases take place?

Answer 24

Peroxisome

Question 25

What are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction. These enzymes usually display different kinetic parameters (e.g. different KM values), or different regulatory properties.

Answer 25

Isoenzymes

Question 26

What is a larger than normal level of LDH-1 (lactate dehydrogenase-1) in blood indicative of?

Answer 26

A heart attack

Question 27

Where is the M type of LDH normally found?

Answer 27

Anaerobic tissue (skeletal muscle and liver-take pyruvate to lactate)

Question 28

Where is the H type of LDH normally found?

Answer 28

Aerobic tissues (heart-take lactate to pyruvate)

Question 29

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction of pyruvate to lactate (and vice-versa)?

Answer 29

LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) (M type takes pyruvate to lactate, H type takes lactate to pyruvate)

Question 30

Where does protein enter the metabolic pathway?

Answer 30

At pyruvate, Acetyl CoA, and the TCA cycle

Question 31

Where do triacylglycerides enter the metabolic pathway?

Answer 31

AT pyruvate and acetyl CoA

Question 32

Where does Galactose enter glycolysis?

Answer 32

At G6P

Question 33

Where does Fructose from liver enter glycolysis?

Answer 33

At DHAP and GAP

Question 34

Where does fructose from adipose tissue enter glycolysis?

Answer 34

At F6P

Question 35

What are the electron carriers for catabolism?

Answer 35

NADH and FADH2

Question 36

What is the electron carrier for anabolism?

Answer 36

NADPH

Question 37

What are the reactants and products of homolytic fermentation?

Answer 37

``` Reactants = pyruvate and NADH Products = pyruvate and NAD+ ```