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University - Microbiology > Intro to microbiology > Flashcards

Intro to microbiology Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

How long ago was the world formed

A

4.5 billion years

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2
Q

What are stomatolites

A

Sediments alternating layers of limestone and bacterial communities called microbial mats

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3
Q

When was the atmosphere and water formed

A

4 billion years ago

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4
Q

How old are the oldest sedimentary rocks

A

3.9 billion yeas

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5
Q

How old are stromatolites

A

3.5 billion years

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6
Q

What are the 4 theories to the origin of life

A

Prebiotic soup - chemical theory
RNA world
Apparition of cellular life
Panspermia

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7
Q

What is the prebiotic soup model

A

Formation of amino acids from simple chemicals under conditions mimicking Earths primitive conditions

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8
Q

What is the problem with the prebiotic soup model

A

The experiment requires a reducing atmosphere which requires high H2 concentrations
No AA in sediments

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9
Q

Why is RNA theorised to be the oldest macromolecule encoding complex information

A

Only 4 building blocks instead of 20 for proteins
Requires less energy than DNA to form
Contains Uracil which is formed early in biochemical pathways
ssRNA can be used as genetic material
RNA can have catalytic activities - Ribozymes

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10
Q

What do ribozymes do

A

Cleavage/ligation
Replication
Formation of peptide bonds

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11
Q

What component is key to compartmentalisation

A

Phospholipids

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12
Q

Why use compartmentalisation

A

Protection from environment
Selective barrier
Concentration of molecules for metabolism

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13
Q

How would apparition lead to life

A

AA and RNA would have been trapped leading to the first primitive cellular form of life.

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14
Q

What makes microbes diverse

A

The haploid genome

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15
Q

Why bacteria so good at mutating

A

High diversion rate

Most only have one chromosome so only need one mutation

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16
Q

What are the three types of horizontal gene transfer

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

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17
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer

A

The non-sexual movement of genetic information between genomes

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18
Q

What is transformation in HGT

A

Bacteria take up DNA from their envioroment

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19
Q

What is transduction in HGT

A

Bacteria directly transfers genes to other cells

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20
Q

What is conjugation in HGT

A

a transfer of DNA from a living donor bacterium to a living recipient bacterium by cell-to-cell contact

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21
Q

What is taxonomy

A

Classification of organisms

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22
Q

What is an arthropoda

A

Segmented animals with hard skeletons

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23
Q

What are 4 ways to identify and classify microbes geneotypic analysis

A

DNA hibridisation - 2 species and comparing how similar they are by how much DNA can re-anneal

Flourescence in Situ Hybridisation - Specific gene is labelled and hybridised in DNA sample to see which organisms have the gene of interest

Whole genome sequencing (labrats)

Multi locus sequence typing - MLST picks housekeeper genes ( present in most organisms), sequences them and gives the barcodes, compare the barcodes

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24
Q

What is phylogeny

A

Study of evolutionary history of organisms

Uses molecular clocks

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25
What are the 3 domains defined by carl WOese
Archea, bacteria, eukarya
26
What are the phenotypic analyses
Morphology - Looks at shape Pure Isolates: metabolic properties - Value of postive test is circled and number given to the ID value Phage typing - Grow bacteria in agar and spot the different phages which target organims , Fatty acid profiles - Take bacteria culture and extract fatty acid Mass spectrometry - Extract surface protein from organism to establish fingerprint and compare to database
27
What are molecular clocks
a method used to estimate the amount of time needed for a certain amount of evolutionary change Encoding conserved proteins with similar functions, undergoing random and neutral mutations
28
Difference between taxonomy and phylogeny
Taxonomy is the science/study of classification. Phylogeny is the science/study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
29
What process does phylogeny study
Evolution
30
What does taxonomy study
Classification of organsims
31
What is the order of the kingdoms
Domain/Kingdom/Phylum/Class/Order/Family/Genus/Species
32
What phenotypic analysis studies bacterial morphology
Differential staining
33
What is used during mass spec to identify bacteria
An isolate of whole bacteria
34
Difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Eukaryotes are bigger than prokaryotes with bigger volumes Eukaryotes have a nucleus prokaryotes dont Membrane bound organelles in eukaryotes
35
What is the nucleus
Contains chromatin (DNA and histones), site of transcription (rRNA, tRNA and mRNA)
36
What does the RER do?
Active site of protein synthesis, translocation into RER for secretion
37
What does the SER do?
Lipid and steroid synthesis
38
What does the golgi complex do?
Carbohydrate synthesis, proteins transport in vesicles, post-translation modifications
39
What does lysosomes/peroxisomes do
Digestion of macromolecules and organelles Alcohol and fatty acids metabolism - peroxisomes
40
What does mitochondria do
ATP synthesis and reducing power
41
What does chloroplasts do
Converts light into organic compounds via calvin cycle
42
What does flagella do?
Made of microtubules ATP hydrolysis - driven Whip like movement
43
What does nucleoid do
Highly compacted chromosome in complex with proteins This region regulates the growth, reproduction, and function of the prokaryotic cell
44
What does cytoplasm
Site of protein synthesis | Contains protein - bound inclusion bodies
45
What does the cell envelope contain
Cytoplasm and peptidoglycan and sometimes outermembrane. Presence of additional polymers
46
What are apendages
Pilus (conjugation) fimbria (Adhesion to eukaryotic cells) or flagella (Mobillity) Flagella rotate
47
What is the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotes
Stable incorporation of endosymbiotic bacteria resulted in the formation of mitochondria and chloroplasts
48
What is the problem with the endosymbiotic theory
Doesnt account for the fact that both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have similar lipid composition
49
What way does the Cis face of the golgi complex face
ER
50
What are magnetosomes
Trap metal compounds to create a magnetic field
51
What ribosomes do eukaryotes have Prokaryotes
80s 70s
52
How cellular are fungi?
Unicellular and MULTI MULTI M
53
What is the role of fungi in the environment
Contribution to the carbon cycle Decomposers
54
What is penicillin
A mould
55
What are fungi cell walls made of
Chitin
56
How do chloroplasts divide
Binary fission
57
Do chloroplasts have their own genome
Yes
58
What process does the nucleus do
Active site for transcription
59
What does the Golgi do
Modify proteins so they can target membranes
60
What do mitochondria generate
ATP
61
Do mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genome
Yes but contain proteins encoded by the nuclear genome
62
Where are histones found
Eukaryotic cells
63
How is flagella motion driven
ATP hyrolysis
64
what is the lifecycle of a fungi
2 phases involving asexual and sexual reproduction to form spores Transition between unicellular and multicellular forms
65
what is the lifecycle of mould
Alternating haploid/diploid phases
66
What are the 4 major groups of unicellular eukaryotes
YEAST, Algae, Protozoa, Slime molds and amoebas Hi Aidan, have you brushed your teeth?
67
What properties do fungi have in common
Morphology - most form multicellular filaments and are pleiomorphic (hyphae) Cell wall - made of carbohydrates Life cycle
68
What is the life cycle of a yeast
Cell division via budding/binary fission Haploid --> mating --> cell fusion --> nuclear fusion --> diploid Diploid --> meiosis --> Germination --> haploid
69
Name a model unicellular algae and explain its key properties
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Huge chlorplast with 2 membranes Pyrenoid to stock bicorbonate to be converted into CO2 Contracile vaciole for osmoregulation Cell wall made of hydroyproline-rich glycoproteins
70
Describe the unique properties of diatoms
Mobile but no appendages Used as an abrasive material in toothpaste Complex chloroplast (4 membranes ) Mixotrophs (photosynthesis and metabolism) Frustules as cell wall (silica) Most ABUndance in phytoplankton Hey karen
71
Where do moulds absorb nutrients
At the tip of the hyphae
72
What do ectomycorrihizal basidomyocytes do
Help trees and plants absorb minerals Type of mushroom Increase SA
73
What are the types of fungi
Molds - filamentous Yeasts - Unicellular Basidomycetes - mushrooms
74
Why are algae ecologially important
Produce half of atmospheres O2 | Key food item in ocean food web and aquaculture
75
What are the key properties of algae
Photosntheic organisms Have chloroplasts like plants but diatoms have a more diverse metabolism
76
What is the lifecycle of algae
Mostly found as haploid cells dividing by binary fission (asexual reproduction) Haploid cells from opposite mating types can furse to form a zygote which loses the flagella and grwos a protective coat Zygote undergoes meiosis to regenerate haploid cells
77
What is the cell wall of a diatom called
Frustule
78
What are the two types of diatom
Centric and pennate Centric - radial symmetry Pennate - Bilateral symmetry
79
What is the use of diatoms
Natural treatment against fleas and mites
80
What are frustules made of
opaline silica | Key role in carbon cycle
81
What are the 3 protists
Algae, Protozoa and SIime mould/ameobas
82
What are the key properties of alveolates
Contain alveoli Motile organisms Mostly aquatic
83
What are the three types of alveolates
Cilates - predatory protists Apicomplexans - parasites Dinoflagellates - predatory algae
84
What is the ecological importance of alveolates
Food web (zooplankton) Apicomplexans (Malaria) Dinoflagellates are key in carbon cycle
85
Where are alveoli found in ciliates
Under the cytoplasmic membrane
86
how do ciliates kill pray
Ingested and enclosed in phagocytic vacuole
87
What are apicomplexa
Spore-forming parasitic protozoans without flagella, cillia or pseudopods Contain apicoplast which generated chloroplasts carrying out fatty acid metabolism
88
What is the life cycle of apicomplexa
The parasite uses a vector (mosquito) The sporozoite is the infectious form Multiply in schizont which rupture to release merozoites Merozoites can differentiate into gametocytes Gametes fuse to form a zygote
89
What are dinoflagellates
Photosynthetic aquatic organisms Mixotrophs - use energy that are not light and Carbon Responsible for algal bloom which can be toxic to fish and shellfish Mobile predatory algae feeding on bacteria, algae ect Involved in complex symbiotic or parasitic interactions
90
What is the structure of dinoflagellates
2 flagella (one wrpaped around cell Chloroplast with complex membrane Cell walls made of thecae Contain an organelle called the extrusome
91
What is Mixotricha paradoxa
Found in gut of termites | Lives in symbiosis with bacteria
92
What is giardia lambia
Human parasite causing diarrhea Contains 2 nuclei Adhere to epithelial cells using adhesive disk
93
What is trypansoma brucie
Transmitted through fly 2 phases Fever, headache, LN inflammation Parasite invades CNS, disrupts sleep
94
Are slime molds a type of fungi
No
95
Can Algae be both multi and uni cellular
Yes
96
Can some protists carry out photosynthesis
YES ALL GAE
97
Are most fungi unicellular
No
98
Can Fungi be pathogens
Yes
99
Are fungi always multicellular
No
100
What is the cell wall of fungi made of
Polysaccharides including chitin
101
Where is the hyphae found
Growing part of mycelium
102
What do all unicellular algae have in common
Carry out photsynthesis
103
Which model algae has 2 flagella
Chlamydomonas reinhardii
104
What is toxoplasma gondii
Parasite
105
How do slime molds move
Pseudopods
106
Do diatoms have a large range of morphologies
Yes

University - Microbiology (8 decks)

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