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University - Microbiology > Microbial Metabolic diversity > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolic diversity Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What are organic compounds called

A

Heterotrophs

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2
Q

What are inorganic compounds called

A

Autotrophs

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3
Q

What is an inorganic source of electrons called

A

Litho

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4
Q

What is an organic source of electrons

A

Organo

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5
Q

What is catabolism

A

Breaking down of molecules

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6
Q

What is anabolism

A

Synthesis of molecules

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7
Q

Where do Phototrophs get their electrons

A

Use light as an energy source to reduce compounds then use these as electron donor

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8
Q

Where do chemolithotrophs get their electrons

A

Inorganic molecules

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9
Q

Where do Chemoorganotrophs get their electrons

A

Organic molecules

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10
Q

What are the electron acceptors

A

Respiration

Fermentation

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11
Q

What is the final electron acceptor

A

Oxygen

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12
Q

What happens as you move down the ETC

A

Reduction potential increases

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13
Q

What is energy conserved as in the electron transfer system

A

Transmembrane PMF which is used for ATP in ATP synthesis

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14
Q

When is a reaction possible

A

When Gibbs free energy is from low to high reduction potential

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15
Q

What is the eqn for Gibbs free energy

A

-nF(delta)E

n = number of electrons
F = Faraday constant
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16
Q

What are the 2 energy sources that underpin metabolism

A

NADH, NADPH and FADH2

ATP

The energy generated during
Electron transfer generates a proton
gradient that drives ATP synthesis

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17
Q

What are four compounds which can be used as a source of electrons

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Peptides

Aromatic compounds

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18
Q

What are the 2 key metabolites produced during glucose metabolism

A

Acetyl-CoA

Pyruvate

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19
Q

What are the 3 major metabolic types

Study These Flashcards
A

Aerobic - O2 available

Anaerobic - Alternative Electron acceptor

Fermentation - No alternative

20
Q

What does electron transport occur through

Study These Flashcards
A

Quinones and iron-sulfur proteins

21
Q

Why is anoxygenic respiration important

Study These Flashcards
A

to exploit a wide range of ecological niches

22
Q

What is dentrification

Study These Flashcards
A

The process in which nitrates are converted into oxygen

23
Q

How is Acetate used in methanogensis

Study These Flashcards
A

CH3-COO- + H+ -> CH4 + CO2

24
Q

How is methanol used in methanogenesis

Study These Flashcards
A

4CH3OH -> 3CH4 + CO2 + 2H2O

25
What differentiates anaeobic respiration from fermentation
Anerobic uses inorganic molecules other than O2 as an electron acceptor via a membrane bound respiratory chain ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation via the PMF) Fermentation uses organic molecules as electron receptors without the ETC ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation in the cytoplasm
26
What are key features of fermentation
Occurs under anaerobic conditions when no electron acceptor is available ATP is NOT produced by oxidative phosphorylation but Substrate Level Phosphorylation (SLP). Fermentation energy yields are low; cells grow more slowly than when they respire.
27
What is the major source of electrons in chemolithotrophs
Can extract electrons from many compounds to power metabolism Hydrogen --> hydrogenotrophic
28
What are the important properties of Chemolithotrophs
Most chemolithotrophs use CO2 as a carbon source to produce organic molecules via Calvin cycle, reverse TCA cycle (reverse Krebs) They can also use more complex molecules (acetate) To fix carbon, they require NADH This requires the consumption of H+ for a reverse electron flow process
29
What is hydrogenotrophy
Using hydrogen (H2) as an electron donor H2 is a excellent electron donor thatcan use a wide range of acceptors Hydrogenotrophs are can use a wide range of electron acceptors
30
When is oxygen seen as an electron acceptor
In the formation of Water
31
When is So4 2- seen as an electron receptor
In the formation of water and HS-
32
When is CO2 seen as an electron acceptor
In the formation of water and methane
33
When can iron be oxidised to Fe3+
At low pHs
34
When does Fe3+ become ferric hydroxide
As the pH gets lower
35
What is the electron acceptor in iron oxidation
Nitrates as well as oxygen
36
When does nitrification occur
Aerobic conditions
37
When does Anamox occur
Anaerobic conditions
38
When is sulfur oxidation used
Acid-producing microbes for biomining Oxidize sulfide of iron and copper (FeCuS2, Cu2S) the oxidation of Cu+ and acid production dissolves the metal from the rocks
39
What photosystems are used in photsynthesis (Oxygenic) Anoxygenic
PS1 and PS2 Br, PS1 and PS2
40
What is bacteriorhodopsin
An abundant light-driven proton pump in archaea membranes Covalently attached retinal to redoxin Upon light exposure, pigment can trigger a movement of electrons Pulls out a proton from the structure which is replaced by the environment The movement of protons generates a gradient used to produce ATP
41
What are the features of cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic, No chloroplasts, Sometimes no thylakoids, ancestor of the chloroplast
42
How do cyanobacteria photosynthesis
Light captured by photosystems --> channel energy to reaction center --> Contain several pigments which use at various wavelengths (chlorphyll, carotenoids and bilins) Oxygenic pathway: light provides energy to strip e- from H2O, yielding H+, the electrons flow is used to pump protons outside the cell and reduce NADP+, the H+ gradient is used to generate ATP and the NADPH and ATP are used to fix CO2 (make glucose)
43
What do green sulfur bacteria used for energy
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
44
What is the process of anoxygenic photosynthesis
Light is captured by antenna complexes in organelles called chlorosomes, Photon energy is transferred to the PSI reaction centre PSI donates an electron to the ETC Electron transport pumps protons outside the cell and reduce NADP+ via ferredoxin the H+ gradient is used to generate ATP PSI receives electrons from inorganic sulfur derivatives (H2, H2S)
45
How do purple bacteria photosynthesise
Anoxygenically - Light is captured by antenna complexes in organelles called chromatophores Same process as Green sulfur bacteria but uses cyclic ETC and Cyclic photophosphorylation. The electron flow is also reversed - Photon energy is transferred to the PSII reaction centre
46
What are good electron donors
They have negative reduction potential
47
What is produced in anaerobic respiration
Lactic acid or ethanol and ATP molecules.

University - Microbiology (8 decks)

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