Intro to microscopic anatomy

Question 1

What are the two colors commonly associated with Haematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining?

Answer 1

Pink and purple.

Question 2

What does Haematoxylin stain in tissue samples?

Answer 2

Haematoxylin stains acidic (or basophilic) structures such as DNA (nucleus, nucleolus), RNA, and carbohydrates (cartilage molecules).

Question 3

What does Eosin stain in tissue samples?

Answer 3

Eosin is an acidic dye that stains basic (or acidophilic) structures, such as cytoplasmic proteins and extracellular fibers.

Question 4

What is the cell shape of squamous epithelium?

Answer 4

Flat

Question 5

Where can squamous epithelium be found in the body?

Answer 5

Heart, lungs, blood vessels (endothelium), and membranes (mesothelium).

Question 6

What are the functions of squamous epithelium?

Answer 6

Diffusion, filtration, and secretion.

Question 7

What is the cell shape of cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 7

Cube-like.

Question 8

Where can cuboidal epithelium be found in the body?

Answer 8

Glands and kidney tubules.

Question 9

What are the functions of cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 9

Secretion and absorption.

Question 10

What is the cell shape of columnar epithelium?

Answer 10

Rectangular.

Question 11

Where can columnar epithelium be found in the body?

Answer 11

Gastrointestinal tract and uterine tubes.

Question 12

What are the functions of columnar epithelium?

Answer 12

Absorption and secretion.

Question 13

What is the cell layer of simple epithelium?

Answer 13

Single layer.

Question 14

Where can simple squamous epithelium be found in the body?

Answer 14

Heart, lungs, blood vessels, and membranes.

Question 15

What is the cell layer organization of stratified epithelium?

Answer 15

More than one layer.

Question 16

What are the subtypes of stratified epithelium?

Answer 16

Squamous, Keratinized (K), and Non-keratinized (NK).

Question 17

Where can keratinized stratified squamous epithelium be found in the body?

Answer 17

Skin.

Question 18

Where can non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium be found in the body?

Answer 18

Mouth.

Question 19

What is the main function of stratified epithelium?

Answer 19

Protects against injury.

Question 20

What is the cell layer organization of transitional epithelium?

Answer 20

Variable number of cell layers.

Question 21

Where can transitional epithelium be found in the body?

Answer 21

Urinary system - Bladder and Urethra.

Question 22

What is the main function of transitional epithelium?

Answer 22

Allows stretching of the lining.

Question 23

What is the characteristic of epithelial tissue regarding cell turnover and tissue renewal?

Answer 23

Epithelial tissue is characterized by high cell turnover and tissue renewal.

Question 24

What are examples of epithelial tissues that undergo self-renewal?

Answer 24

Epidermis (skin), small intestine.

Question 25

What is the dependence of epithelial tissue self-renewal on?

Answer 25

Epithelial tissue self-renewal depends on the activity of tissue-specific stem or progenitor cells.

Question 26

Can you provide examples of tissue-specific stem or progenitor cells involved in epithelial tissue self-renewal?

Answer 26

Intestinal Stem Cells (characterized by the protein Lgr5), Hair follicle cells, Lung epithelium.

Question 27

What risks are associated with the ability of epithelial tissue to renew?

Answer 27

The emergence of benign tumors (adenomas) and malignant transformation leading to cancers such as carcinomas or adenocarcinomas.

Question 28

What can happen if the epithelium is damaged faster than its renewal capability?

Answer 28

It can result in impaired organ function, such as celiac disease due to an autoimmune response.

Question 29

What is the function of adipose tissue (fat tissue)?

Answer 29

Adipose tissue provides protection for internal organs, insulation, and acts as an energy store.

Question 30

What are the components of blood?

Answer 30

Blood consists of white blood cells (defense), red blood cells (oxygen transport), proteins, fibers (fibrin - for haemostasis), and blood plasma (non-cellular component).

Question 31

What is the function of blood plasma?

Answer 31

Blood plasma is essential for the transport of nutrients and molecules to different tissues and cells in the body.

Question 32

How are glands "constructed"?

Answer 32

Glands are constructed from epithelial cells, including specially adapted secretory epithelial cells.

Question 33

What are the two main types of glands?

Answer 33

The two main types of glands are exocrine glands and endocrine glands.

Question 34

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Answer 34

Exocrine glands have ducts through which they release their secretions onto the surface of the epithelium, while endocrine glands are ductless and release their secretions directly into the bloodstream.

Question 35

Give an example of a unicellular gland.

Answer 35

Goblet cells in the intestinal and respiratory epithelium are examples of unicellular glands.

Question 36

Give examples of multicellular glands.

Answer 36

Examples of multicellular glands include salivary glands, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

Question 37

How do unicellular glands and multicellular glands differ in their secretory mechanism?

Answer 37

Unicellular glands, such as goblet cells, secrete directly onto the surface of the epithelium, while multicellular glands secrete through a duct that opens onto the surface of the epithelium.

Question 38

What are the main components involved in gland structure?

Answer 38

Glands consist of secretory epithelial cells (both unicellular and multicellular) and may have a duct system for transporting secretions.

Question 39

What is autophagy?

Answer 39

Autophagy is the process of self-eating, involving the digestion of cytosol, molecules (such as proteins), and worn-out organelles within cells.

Question 40

How is autophagy completed?

Answer 40

Autophagy is completed through the action of lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases.

Question 41

What are the two types of autophagy?

Answer 41

Autophagy can be non-selective, employed during times of starvation, or selective, employed to remove specific cell components during periods of growth, differentiation, or removal of surplus or worn-out organelles.

Question 42

What is the role of autophagy in innate immunity?

Answer 42

Autophagy plays a role in innate immunity as a response to infection.

Question 43

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 43

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that can break down biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and sugars. They create a low pH environment for enzymatic activity.

Question 44

What are melanosomes?

Answer 44

Melanosomes are a special category of lysosomes found in melanocytes. They hold melanin pigments and contribute to skin pigmentation by secreting melanin through exocytosis.

Question 45

How does autophagosome formation occur?

Answer 45

A portion of the cytoplasm is surrounded by a double membrane, creating an autophagosome. This autophagosome then fuses with a lysosome, leading to the degradation of biomolecules or organelles.

Question 46

What is the role of cell metabolism signaling pathways in autophagosome formation?

Answer 46

Cell metabolism signaling pathways play a role in the regulation and control of autophagosome formation.

Question 47

How are damaged mitochondria removed from cells?

Answer 47

Damaged mitochondria are removed through a process called mitophagy, which involves selective autophagy of mitochondria.

Question 48

What happens when biomolecules or entities enter a cell by endocytosis?

Answer 48

Endosomes fuse with lysosomes, creating endolysosomes for the degradation of the internalized biomolecules or entities.

Question 49

What can happen if the autophagy process is impaired?

Answer 49

Impairment of the autophagy process can lead to the accumulation of molecules in lysosomes, such as the accumulation of tau proteins in neurodegenerative disorders.

Question 50

How is impaired mitophagy linked to a form of early onset Parkinson's disease?

Answer 50

Impaired mitophagy, which is the degradation of mitochondria through autophagy, is linked to a form of early onset Parkinson's disease.

Question 51

What are lysosomal storage diseases?

Answer 51

Lysosomal storage diseases are genetic disorders that result in the accumulation of undigested biomolecules within lysosomes.

Question 52

How does aging affect autophagy?

Answer 52

During aging, autophagy gradually declines, which may contribute to the accumulation of cellular waste products and dysfunctional organelles.

Question 53

What is the role of autophagy in neurodegenerative disorders?

Answer 53

Autophagy plays a role in the removal of abnormal protein aggregates, such as tau proteins, and impairment of autophagy can contribute to the accumulation of these proteins in neurodegenerative disorders.

Question 54

How does impaired mitophagy contribute to Parkinson's disease?

Answer 54

Impaired mitophagy can lead to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

Question 55

What is the main cause of lysosomal storage diseases?

Answer 55

Lysosomal storage diseases have a genetic cause, typically resulting from mutations in genes that encode lysosomal enzymes or proteins involved in lysosomal function.

Question 56

What are the consequences of lysosomal storage diseases?

Answer 56

Lysosomal storage diseases result in the accumulation of undigested biomolecules within lysosomes, leading to cellular dysfunction and tissue damage.