Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Motor Speech > Intro to Motor Speech > Flashcards

Intro to Motor Speech Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does the CNS include?

A

Brain

Cerebral Cortex (outer surface)

Subcortical structures
-Thalamus, basal ganglia

Brainstem
-Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

Cerebellum

Spinal Cord

**Main highway of signal transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the PNS include?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves

**Transmit signals between the CNS & rest of the body. Has to go here to get to the musculature system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a Motor Speech Disorder?

A

“Speech disorders resulting from neurologic impairments affecting the planning, programming, control or execution of speech.” (Duffy)

**Any interruption in that pathway results in a motor speech disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dysarthria

A

Impaired production of speech due to disturbances in the muscular control of the speech mechanism.

**Issues that affect control and EXECUTION of speech. Plan is good but getting plan to the muscle is disrupted. Can affect ALL systems of speech.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dysarthria can include impaired….

A

Articulation, resonance, phonation, and respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the six subtypes of Dysarthria?

A

Flaccid, Spastic, Ataxic, Hypokinetic, Hyperkinetic, and Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron, plus a combo of these subtypes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Apraxia of Speech?

A

A deficit in the ability to smoothly sequence the speech-producing movements of the tongue, lips, jaw, etc.

**PLAN & PROGRAM, getting the right sequence of commands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Apraxia primarily affects…

A

Articulation and prosody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Areas of the Frontal Lobe

A

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Motor Areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • Planning
  • Reasoning
  • Working memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A
  • Emotions
  • Reward
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Motor Areas

A
  • Planning & programming of movements (contralateral)
  • Organized into homunculus
  • Broca’s area involved in speech plan (also contributes to syntax, grammar, and phonological processing)

**Motor strip and somatosensory area- somatotopically organized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Motor and Sensory Homunculus

A

FATAL (Face, Arms, Torso, Legs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Areas of the Parietal Lobe

A

Primary Somatosensory Area
- Sense of touch, pain, and temp (contralateral)
- Organized into homunculus

Superior Parietal Lobule
- Body awareness / proprioception
- Attention

Inferior Parietal
- reading processing & language
- spatial attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Areas of the Temporal Lobe

A

Hippocampus
Herschel’s Gyrus
Wernickes Area
Visual Word Form Area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • Inside temporal lobe
  • Memory processing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Herschel’s Gyrus

A

Auditory Cortex

** Can cause issues with speech but NOT motor speech. Can lead to planning and programming issues that are not motor in nature but linguistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Language Comprehension

**Can test with rainbow passage or grandfather, test Alexia or phonological errors (not motor).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Visual Word Form Area

A

Deciphers letters and words during reading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Areas of the Occipital Lobe

A

Primary Visual Cortex
Association Cortices
Dorsal Pathway
Ventral Pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

Organized like retina

** The retina is organized into three primary layers, the photoreceptive layer, the bipolar cell layer, and the ganglion cell layer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Association Cortices

A

Process color, and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Dorsal Pathway

A

Understanding location and movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ventral Pathway

A

Identifying objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Cerebellum (CNS)
Modify motor programs initiated elsewhere (cortex) - Guides/coordinates the speech, timing, force, range, and direction of movement
26
The Cerebellum receives input from:
- Cerebral Cortex - Peripheral sensory systems (e.g., vestibular) **Cerebellum is not cerebral. Helps coordinate different muscles together, speech planning/ execution, motor learning.
27
Thalamus
- Relay system for afferent and efferent CNS - Control and gaits where info goes in and out of the brain - Involved in alertness, sleep, consciousness and learning
28
The Basal Ganglia is involved in:
- Voluntary motor control - Motor and procedural learning, cognition, emotion
29
What does the Brainstem consist of?
Midbrain Pons Medulla
30
Midbrain
- Pathways for hearing, vision, eye movement - Sleep/wake cycle - Eye movement
31
Pons
- Respiration control - Pathways for face and eye movement, swallow, and taste - Co2 levels in blood, determining rate of breathing - Here we start seeing cranial nerves
32
Medulla
- Reflexes for coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and swallowing - Parts of autonomic nervous system - Pathways for throat, tongue, and neck movements - Heart rate - Muscle control for throat, tongue, neck
33
Brainstem Pathways
- These pathways (tracts) connect the **cortical motor and sensory areas** to the **peripheral nervous system (nerves)** - **Corticobulbar- Cranial Nerves** - **Corticospinal- Spinal Nerves** ** Information for/from each cranial nerve branches at different areas of the brainstem ** Information for/from the rest of the body continues down into spinal cord
34
Bulbar Tract
- Motor info to the cranial nerves - Everything from level of injury and down is affected
35
Types of sides
- Ipsilateral= same side - Bilateral= both sides - Contralateral= opposite sides
36
Cranial Nerves
Name Mnemonic- Oh Oh Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good Vagina, Such Heaven Function Mnemonic- Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More Olfactory –CN I- S Optic –CN II- S- Oculomotor –CN III- M Trochlear –CN IV- M **Trigeminal –CN V- B** Abducens –CN VI- M **Facial –CN VII- B** Vestibulocochlear –CN VIII- S **Glossopharyngeal –CN IX- B** **Vagus –CN X- B** Spinal Accessory –CN XI- M **Hypoglossal –CN XII-M** ** Important for this class: CN V, CN VII, CN X, CN IX, CN XII (5,7,9,10,12)
37
Olfactory
CN I- S
38
Optic
CN II- S
39
Oculomotor
CN III- M
40
Trochlear
CN IV- M
41
Trigeminal
CN V- B
42
Abducens
CN VI- M
43
Facial
CN VII- B
44
Vestibulocochlear
CN VIII- S
45
Glossopharyngeal
CN IX- B
46
Vagus
CN X- B
47
Spinal Accessory
CN XI- M
48
Hypoglossal
CN XII- M
49
What CN's are located in the Cerebrum?
CN I- Olfactory CN II- Optic
50
What CN's are located in the Midbrain?
CN III- Oculomotor CN IV- Trochlear
51
What CN's are located in the Pons?
**CN V- Trigeminal** CN VI- Abducens **CN VII- Facial** CN VIII- Vestibulocochlear
52
What CN's are located in the Medulla?
**CN IX- Glossopharyngeal** **CN X- Vagus** CN XI- Spinal Accessory **CN XII- Hypoglossal**
53
What are the 6 CN for Speech Production?
**CN V- Trigeminal- B** **CN VII- Facial- B** **CN IX- Glossopharyngeal B** **CN X- Vagus- B** CN XI- Spinal Accessory- M **CN XII- Hypoglossal**
54
What is the SENSORY function for CN V- Trigeminal?
**SENSORY**: Three branches of sensory information across the face, eyes, forehead and **anterior 2/3 of tongue**
55
What is the MOTOR function for CN V- Trigeminal?
**MOTOR**: Muscles of mastication (chewing) in the mandibular branch - Masseter, pterygoid, mylohyoid, and digastric muscles - Also motor for tensor tympani (dampens chewing sounds) and tensor veli palatini (help raise soft palate)
56
What is the function of the CN VII- Facial Nerve?
- Muscles of facial expression - Stapedius muscles/reflex - **Taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue** - Salivary glands and lacrimal gland ** Bell's palsy
57
What is the function of the CN IX- Glossopharyngeal Nerve?
- **Taste and touch for rear 1/3 of tongue**, external ear canal, and parts of **pharynx** - Includes **sensory** part of the gag reflex - Saliva response for parotid gland - Stylopharyngeus muscle elevates pharynx during swallow and speech
58
What is the function of the CN X- Vagus Nerve?
- **Motor and sensory information for the larynx (phonation)** - Pharyngeal plexus with CN IX- Glossopharyngeal - Sensory and motor - Muscles of the soft palate and base of tongue - Parasympathetic branches to many internal organs
59
What are the **MOTOR** branches of CN X- Vagus Nerve?
**Pharyngeal Branches** - Levator Veli Palatini - Palatoglossus **Superior laryngeal branches** - Cricothyroid **Recurrent laryngeal branches** - All other intrinsic laryngeal muscles
60
What is the function of CN XII- Hypoglossal Nerve?
- Transmits motor information to the muscles of the tongue - **Needed for articulation of all vowels and non labial and/or dental consonants**
61
What are the Spinal Nerves for Speech?
C3-C5 Phrenic Nerve - Motor supply to the diaphram Thoracic Nerves - Intercostal muscles - Abdominal muscles
62
What are the 4 major functional divisions of the Speech Motor System?
Final Common Pathway Direct Activation Pathway Indirect Activation Pathway Control Circuits
63
Final Common Pathway
Lower motor neuron system (nerves)
64
Direct Activation Pathway
Upper motor neuron system a.k.a pyramidal tract
65
Indirect Activation Pathway
Extrapyramidal tract
66
Control Circuits
Basal ganglia & Cerebellum
67
Final Common Pathway
- Involves pairs of cranial nerves which communicate with the muscles of phonation, resonance, articulation and prosody CN V- Trigeminal, CN VII- Facial, CN IX- Glossopharyngeal, CN X- Vagus, and CN XII- Hypoglossal - Also includes spinal nerves involved in respiration Primarily C3-5 form the phrenic nerve, which is controlled by nuclei in the pons and medulla - Lower motor neurons originate in the brainstem at the cranial nerve nuclei and terminate in the musculature - Damage to the final common pathway results in **FLACCID DYSARTHRIA**
68
Direct Activation Pathway
- Includes the **primary motor cortex, premotor cortex**, supplementary motor area as well as some somatosensory fibers - Upper motor neurons from the pyramidal tracts **Corticobulbar Tract** - Neurons connect from motor cortex to brainstem nuclei of CN V, VII, IX, X, and XII **Corticospinal Tract** - Neurons project to spinal nerves affecting respiratory muscles - Cross the midline (decussate) in the medulla to connect to the contralateral final common pathway - Damage to upper motor neurons on one side only results in Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron Dysarthria - Bilateral damage to UMNs results in **SPASTIC DYSARTHRIA**
69
Indirect Activation Pathway
Also known as the **extrapyramidal tract** Includes pathways between the cortex and: - Reticular formation (**Corticoreticular tract**) – assists with sensorimotor integration and with muscle tone regulation - Red nucleus (**Corticorubral tract**) – assists with muscle tone regulation
70
What are the Control Circuits?
Cerebellar Basal Ganglia
71
Cerebellar
- Coordinate timing between adjacent steps in movements - Scales the size of movements by coordinating agonists and antagonists - Damage results in **ATAXIC DYSARTHRIA**
72
Basal Ganglia
- Posture and tone regulation - Movement scaling - Inhibition of excess movement - Damage results in **HYPERKINETIC or HYPOKINETIC DYSARTHRIA**
73
What is Motor Planning and Programming?
**Motor Planning**: is goal oriented and general **Motor Programming**: converts the plan to fine details of what to move and when A very complex array of circuits are involved including motor areas, sensory areas, limbic system, Insula, Broca’s area, thalamus, etc. Impairment of this process results in **APRAXIA OF SPEECH**
74
Damage to which cranial nerve would result in impaired laryngeal function?
CN X- Vagus
75
What is phonation?
The production or utterance of speech sounds
76
What is resonance?
The quality in a sound being deep, full, and reverberating

Motor Speech (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions