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intro to nervous Flashcards

1
Q

mostly formed by nerve cell bodies, supporting

cells (neuroglia), and nonmyelinated fibers.

A

Gray matter:

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2
Q 
basically formed by myelinated fibers and
supporting cells (neuroglia)
A

White matter

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3
Q

nerve cell bodies within CNS

A

Nucleus

thalmus-gigantic nucleus

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4
Q

nerve cell bodies outside CNS

A

Ganglion

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5
Q

3 Main Functions of the Nervous System

A 
1. sensing changes; done by
sensory (afferent) neurons	
2. interpreting and
remembering those changes;
done by association or
interneurons	
3. reacting to those changes
done by efferent neurons
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6
Q

single nucleus with prominent

nucleolus

A

Cell body-perikaryon

-nucleolus-produce ribosomal subunits

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7
Q

chromatophilic

substance

A

Nissl Bodies- no other cell

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8
Q

Cell body (protein synthesis)

A

rough ER & free ribosomes

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9
Q

cell body( give cell shape and support)

A

neurofilaments

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10
Q

move material inside cell (cell body)

A

microtubules
fun fact: one of the reason alzheimers entanglement of microtubules within cytoplasm- nerve conduction stops-memory ( loosing memory)

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11
Q

indigestable material within the neurons harmless aging(cell body)

A

lipofuscin pigment clumps

  • occupying the space in the cytoplasm-gradually slow down the function
  • part of the brain most vulnearable- aging happen
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12
Q

Cell processes

A

dendrites; axons

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13
Q 
Conducts impulses
towards the cell body
Typically short and
highly branched.	
Surfaces specialized for
contact with other
neurons	
Contains neurofibrils &
Nissl bodies
A

Dendrites-towards the cell body

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14
Q 
Conduct impulses away
from cell body	
Long, thin cylindrical
process of cell 	
Arises at axon hillock	
Impulses arise from
initial segment (trigger
zone) 
-Swollen tips called
synaptic end bulbs
contain vesicles filled
with neurotransmiLers
A

Axon-away from cell body

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15
Q 
Side branches (collaterals)
end in fine processes
A

axon terminals

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16
Q

several dendrites & one axon

most common cell type

A

Multipolar-star shaped

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17
Q

one main dendrite & one axon

found in retina, inner ear & olfactory

A

Bipolar

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18
Q

two processes that are joined together and thus
seem as one process only
are always sensory neurons !!

A

Unipolar-psedopolar

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19
Q

are dendrites of unipolar

(Sensory) neurons

A

Sensory receptors

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20
Q

transport sensory information from skin, muscles,

joints, sense organs & viscera to CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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21
Q

send motor nerve impulses to muscles & glands

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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22
Q

connect sensory to motor neurons

90% of neurons in the body

A

Interneurons (association) neurons

  1. purkinje cell-bipolar-cerebellum
  2. Pyramidal cell-multipolar cell in the cortex of the brain
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23
Q

Non-conducting cells that
assist and support neurons / nervous tissue in different
ways:

A

Glial Cells-nursery cell protect your neurons

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24
Q

5 ways different ways(glial cells)

A

1.Biochemical (speed up impulses)oligodendrodyte
2. Structural (physical support) astrocyte
3. Nutritive (growth and maintenance)
4. Immune (scavenge toxins, debris)microgial
5. CSF production-epedenymal spinal cord and brain-cushoning your brain acceleration and deceleration
it kills them neurons -oxygen

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25
Q 
Flat cells surrounding
neuronal cell bodies in
peripheral ganglia	
• Support neurons in
the PNS ganglia
A

Satellite Cells- exclusively pns and ganglia

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26
Q

are comprised of thousands / millions

of nerve fibers (axon / dendrite)

A

Peripheral nerves-more myelinated

Peripheral Nerve bundle of axon surrounded myelin sheath/connective tissue

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27
Q

covered by a layer of phospholipid

substance (myelin) that electrically insulates the nerve fiber

A

Myelinated

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28
Q

Myelinated sheath produced by

A

Schwann cells myelinate 1 time (in PNS) and oligodendrocytes (in CNS) over 50 times
-Both myelinated and non-myelinated supported by schwann cell-(never naked fiber)
.

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29
Q

sheath that enhances the velocity of nerve

impulses

A

nodes of Ranvier

30
Q

almost naked nerve fibers without

myelin sheath but still supported by Schwann cells.

A

Non-myelinated

31
Q

compression, intact nerve sheaths, no

degeneration, good prognosis.

A

Neuropraxia-intact

32
Q

epineurium disrupted, degeneration,

recovery in weeks / months.

A

Axonotmesis-disrupted

33
Q

complete disruption of all covering sheaths

and nerve, poor prognosis.

A

Neurotmesis-complete disruption

34
Q

damage to axon which occur in the cell body of the affected cell; this causes swelling of the cell body and peaks
between 10 and 20 days after injury

A

Chromatolysis

35
Q

By the third to fifth day, degeneration of the distal portion of
the neuronal process and myelin sheath
occurs; afterward, macrophages phagocytize the remains

A

Wallerian degeneration

36
Q

the proximal portion of the fiber

extends only for a short distance( repair in pns)

A

Retrograde degeneration
• Regeneration follows chromatolysis; synthesis of RNA and protein accelerates, favoring rebuilding of the axon (1.5 mm per day) and often taking several months.
nissl body-nissl body integrinate(dark stain nerve cell which is healthy( if its damage it will be pale
-distal part of the cut nerve fiber will be fragmented and those small problems making the area clean-dead myelinated/axon/ they wont remove shwann cell
- shwann cell- formed hollowed tunnel guide growing axon -it doesn’t get lost- produce sprouts-20x sprouts(injured axon)- find the tunnel it keeps growing to the tunnels
- what happens go to wrong sprouts gets into tunnel- macrophage it will destroy.sensory or memory tunnels- they stay there and keep swimming few months only
- if they stay it will be hyper(neuroma)- to form neuroma super sensitive to touch- (amputation)
1. paralyzed or atropy

-first schwann tunnel will be open 90 days-3 months- nerve injury- repair the nerve
second-growth rate- 1 1/2 milimeter per day- 
-200 days will recover
age,health,gap of the nerves-factors for nerve repair- knowns as walerian degeneration (repair)
-if the gap less tham 1mm- surgeons will have artificial tunnel in the lab culturing fibroblast in the lab they push fibroblast- cylinder
conduit and stitches- over 1cm(little)
37
Q

3 steps of regeneration( Pns) and often taking several months

A

1.follows chromatolysis
2.synthesis of RNA
3 protein accelerates, favoring rebuilding of the axon (1.5 mm per day

38
Q

Autoimmune disorder causing destruction of myelin sheaths in CNS
– Myelin sheaths turn into scars or plaques of fibrous tissue
– 1/2 million people in the United States
– appears between ages 20 and 40
– females twice as often as males

A 
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
1. muscular weakness
2.abnormal
sensations (such as double vision)
What happen if Remissions & relapses of ms?result in progressive, cumulative loss of function
39
Q

Factors that affect speed of propagation

A
  1. Amount of myelination
  2. Axon diameter
  3. Temperature
40
Q

The propagation speed of a nerve impulse is not related to stimulus strength. (T/F)

A

True

41
Q

(how)Speed of impulse propagation

A

– larger, myelinated fibers conduct impulses faster due to size & saltatory conduction

42
Q

A fibers largest (5-20 microns & 130 m/sec)

A

myelinated somatic sensory & motor to skeletal muscle

43
Q

B fibers medium (2-3 microns & 15 m/sec)

A

myelinated visceral sensory & autonomic preganglionic

44
Q

C fibers smallest (.5-1.5 microns & 2 m/sec)

A

unmyelinated sensory & autonomic motor

45
Q
  • ionic current spreads to next cell through gap junctions

* faster, two-way transmission & capable of synchronizing groups of neurons

A

electrical synapses

46
Q

one-way information transfer from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron by neurotransmiters

A

chemical synapses

47
Q

chemical synapses from axon to dendrite

A

axodendritic

48
Q

chemical synapses from axon to cell body

A

axosomatic

49
Q

chemical synapses from axon to axon

A

axoaxonic

50
Q

3 steps how to chemical synapses

A

calcium- release the cell axon neurotransmitter of the receptors
sodium- rushes the target cells electrical impulse to the target cells

1.Action potential reaches end bulb and voltage-gated Ca++ channels open
2.Ca++ flows inward triggering release of neurotransmiLer
3.NeurotransmiLer crosses synaptic cleft and binds to ligand-gated receptors
• Synaptic delay is 0.5 msec
• One-way information transfer

51
Q

released by many PNS neurons & some CNS
– excitatory on NMJ but inhibitory at others
– inactivated by acetylcholinesterase

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

52
Q

glutamate released by nearly all excitatory neurons in the

brain —- inactivated by glutamate specific transporters

A

Amino Acids

53
Q

is inhibitory neurotransmiLer for 1/3 of all brain synapses

A

GABA

example valiium-gaba agonist

54
Q

Removal of Neurotransmitter

A 
1) Diffusion	
– move down concentration
gradient	
2) Enzymatic degradation	
– Acetylcholinesterase-removal of sypnaptic cleft
 3) Uptake by neurons or glia
cells	
– neurotransmiLer transporters
55
Q

serotonin uptake

inhibitor

A

-hippocapus-uptake inhibitorProzac

56
Q

Neuronal Circuits single cell stimulates many others (retina)

A

Diverging

57
Q

Neuronal Circuits one cell stimulated by many others (dreams)

A

Converging

58
Q

Neuronal Circuits impulses from later cells repeatedly stimulate early cells in the circuit (memory)

A

Reverberating

59
Q

Neuronal Circuits single cell stimulates a group of cells

that all stimulate a common postsynaptic cell (math problems)

A

Parallel-after-discharge

60
Q

brain, and

spinal cord.

A

cns

61
Q

Pns

A
  1. spinal,
  2. cranial,
  3. autonomic nerves
  4. ganglia,
  5. enteric plexus
  6. sensory receptors
62
Q

that consciously receives sensory
information from external environment (through skin) and initiates voluntary motor activity.
- a single neuron connects the CNS with the target organ.

A

-Somatic component-consciously-external-voluntary

63
Q

that unconsciously receives
sensory information from internal environment (through receptors embedded within the viscerae and initiates
involuntary motor activity.
- two neurons between CNS and the target organ.

A

Visceral (autonomic) component-uncosciously-internal-involuntary

64
Q
  • helps to keep controlled conditions within limits that maintain health
    • helps to maintain Homeostasis
A

•The Nervous system (along with the Endocrine system)
Nervous system
-faster,short time affect
-specifically,nerve conduction impulses 2 meters per second.(specifically)
flexion-prime mover brachialis into elbow joint
Endocrine system-hormones which are proteins to affect the target.
-most of them blood system first,it takes a while.
Cortisol-goes to your muscle tissue to your muscle
1 second to reach on your brain-
nerve fibers-impulses 120-140 per second

65
Q

90 percent of neurons are processing the information.

A

assosciate/interneuron-

66
Q

to collect sensory/motor sensing changes and reacting to those changes done by efferrent neurons

A

PNS-

67
Q

-not on cns that other remove waste csf

A

Lymphatic drainage

68
Q

carrier of blood vessels and adding physical strength

1. endomysium-inside connective tissue
2. perimysium-middle connective tissue
3. epinemysium-outside connective tissue
A

Connective tissue-

69
Q
  • A typical peripheral nerve different shape and nerve fibers
A

Cross section

  • common idea peripheral surface closer to the surface carries sensory fibers
  • nerve is pinches-sensory- Pain- under pressure
70
Q

numbness/weakness/parialisis- too much pressure treatment-gradually pinch nerve- motor nerve

A

hernia

pns (5 decks)

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