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spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

Length: 43 – 45 Cm Size of index finger, (CI to LI – LII) roman numerals used for vertebrae, reg numbers are used for nerves. (persons height does not matter)
- narrow range 2cm meters(average people)
-not indication of height
example 176 cm- 44 cm(spinal cord
spinal cord each transverse -spinal segments are transverse section - to pair spinal segments

Segments: 8 cervical (largest regions), 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (smallest segment), 1 coccygeal. (31 total segments/31)
cylinderal-larger -nerve fibers more-muscles and upper limb
lumbar(larger)- source of nerve lower limb

Transverse section of spinal cord which gives rise to a pair spinal nerves.

Enlargements: Cervical & Lumbar. (source of additional nerves fibers cervical = upper limb, Lumber = lower limb

A

Spinal Cord -cylindrical cns-transverse

-index finger-sciatic nerve coming from different spinal nerve

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2
Q

(reverse cone shape most distal part of SP cord: its at a level of lumbar vertebrae containing sacral segments of the spinal cord.

A

Conus medullaris -reverse cone

  • distal part of your spinal cord- spinal nervers lumbar l1 to l2
  • spinal cord l1 to l2 vertebrae- contains sacral segments of the spinal nerve
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3
Q

separate structure from the spinal cord.

Made by ant and post roots of the spinal nerve which are descending down the vertebral canal until they reach their exit point. Ant and post roots cant join together until they reach the exit point.

A 
Cauda equina (horse tail)
Spinal nerves below the level of L I, will form CAUDA EQUINA (horse tail).
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4
Q

Ant horn = motor neurons.

Post = sensory.

Lateral horn = autonomic.

A

Ant and post horns are present throughout the spinal cord. Lateral horn is only present between the T1 to L2 (contains sympathetic neurons autonomic), or S2 to S4 (parasympathetic neurons) SEGMENTS not vertebrae.

Descending tracts carry signals to organs, ascending tracts carry signals to the brain

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5
Q

Comprised of three horns: anterior (ventral),posterior (dorsal), and lateral.

These horns house nerve cell bodies of motor, sensory, and autonomic neurons-mixed tract

A

Gray matter:

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6
Q

Organised in the form of three columns: anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal), and lateral.

These columns house mixed nerve tracts

A

White matter:-3 areas-columns- bundles of nerve fiber up an down -sensory and moter nerve fibers
assending tract and dissending- sensory information

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7
Q

Rootlets & roots (pure motor/sensory)

Ventral (ant.) ramus: mixed nerve to form plexi

Dorsal (post.) ramus: to supply some muscles of the back and the skin covering them.

A

Rami communicates: to join to sympathetic system

Meningeal ramus: to innervate the meninges and vertebral ligaments.

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8
Q

how many spinal nerves?

A

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: Cervical (C1 – C8), c1-emerges betweek skull and Ci vertebra(occipital bone or atlas)
c2 to c7- cervical region exits above the corresponding vertebrae
c7 to t1 transition of nomenclature of nerves (c8)
-extra c8 segment
below the cervical region below the corresponding
cervical region above the spinal nerves
below the spinal nerve
Thoracic (T1 – T12),
Lumbar (L1 – L5),
Sacral (S1 – S5),
Coccygeal (Co)

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9
Q

pass above the corresponding vertebrae but the other spinal nerves pass below the corresponding vertebrae.

A

Cervical nerves
In CERVICAL region the cervical spinal nerve EXIT above the vertebrae C8 nerve exit below CVII cause the T1 nerve to exit below the vertebrae

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10
Q

Spinal cord does not go all the way down the vertebral canal

Spinal cord SEGMENTS are not usually in the same level as the corresponding vertebrae

always a mixes anterior and posterior- sensory and motor nerve

A

only in spinal cord, filled with semi-liquid fat and a rich venous plexus.
-contain with the space ( fat) sitting dura –epidural space-exist spinal cord real space around the spinal cord

Spinal cord can end anywhere from T12 to L3 depending on the height of the person. In 70 % of the pop. spinal cord ends in L1 or L2

Doctors take CSF from below L3 but safely between L4 to L5.

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11
Q

dense irregular connective tissue that provides mechanical protection against trauma.

A

Dura mater (tough mother)

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12
Q

loose irregular connective tissue involved in circulation (but not production) of CSF

A

Arachnoid mater (spider mother)-circulates only

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13
Q

loose connective tissue carrying blood vessels deep to the nervous tissue. (blood does not have direct access to neurons

A 
Pia mater (carrying mother):-carrying blood vessels- even your own blood to direct neurons (sensitive to blood vessels
-pia- will guide the blood vessels-
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14
Q

CSF is contained between the space of arachnoid and pia

A

subarachnoid space = real space in the brain and spinal cord.

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15
Q

where the fat and venous plexus are real space around the spinal cord BUT a POTENTIAL space in the brain.

A

Extradural space or epidural space

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16
Q

only in the spinal cord, filled with semi-liquid fat and a rich venous plexus.

Filum terminale (Internal & External)

A

Epidural

17
Q

targeting skeletal muscles and skin.

Cervical (C1 – C4) *numbers of ventral rami of spinal nerve.

Brachial (C5 – T1)

Between T1 and T 12 ventral rami don’t make a plexus because of the ribs. They will run individually and will be the intercostal nerves. However T1 is still the first intercostal nerve even if it’s part of the plexus.

Lumbar (T12 – L4)

Sacral (L4 – S4)

A

Somatic

18
Q

Targeting visera (heart, lung, esophagus, bladder, kidney)

Pre-vertebral (sympathetic)

Visceral (parasympathetic)

A

Autonomic

19
Q

Supply digestive system

Submucosal (Meissner): supply glands in the DS

Myenteric (Auerbach): supply smooth mm

A

Enteric

20
Q

area of the skin which is sensitized by one spinal nerve / segment.

A

Dermatome

21
Q

a muscle or muscular group innervated by a spinal nerve / segment.

A

Myotome:

22
Q

bones or ligaments supplied by a spinal nerve / segment.

A

Sclerotome

23
Q

(main part of reflex only uses one synapse)

A

Monosynaptic

24
Q

(motor response of body happens on the same side as the sensory receptor)

A

ipsilateral

25
Q

Monosynaptic (main part of reflex only uses one synapse) & ipsilateral (motor response of body happens on the same side as the sensory receptor)

Controls the muscle fibers length (watches and monitors the length)

Receptor is the muscle spindle (always about the length of muscle fiber)

Integrated by spinal cord and regulated by the brain. (CAN control the intensity of reflex)

Excites the agonist muscles and suppresses the antagonist muscles (polysynaptic: has polysynaptic part but the MAIN part is still monosynaptic)

A

Stretch Reflex

26
Q

Main components of typical reflex

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory nerve
  3. regulatory center
  4. motor nerve
  5. effector organ
27
Q

Polysynaptic & ipsilateral

Controls the muscle fibers tension

Receptor is the golgi organ in tendons. (golgi also in ligaments. They are sensitive in the amount of tension)

Integrated by spinal cord and regulated by the brain.

Excites the antagonist muscles and suppresses the agonist muscles.

A

tendon reflex

28
Q

Polysynaptic & inter-segmental (more than one segment of spinal cord should get involved. One segment is not enough)

Controls the muscle fibers length

Receptor is dermal

Integrated by spinal cord and regulated by the brain.

Excites the flexor muscles ipsilateral and extensor muscles contralaterally.

A

Flexor & Crossed Extensor Reflexes

29
Q

are basically 3 layers of connected tissue to the central nervous system
-around the spinal cord and the brain

A

Meninges

30
Q

outside the dura- this layer between dura and vertebrae-

A

extradural fat

31
Q

made by veins embbeded with fat

shock absorber fat and veins

A

internal phlexus

32
Q

a potential space- brain and spinal cord

A

Subdural

33
Q

contains CSF

A

Subarachnoid - and also pia

34
Q

lumbar, magna,interpeduncular, and etc.

A

Dural sacs/cisternae

35
Q

are the block of the body. mesenchymal tissue are paired- one right and left

A

somites-each every somites made up by 2 seperate cells to the midline-sclerotome
spinal nerve will never attach to somite

36
Q

neural tube-future spinal cord they don’t invest the spinal cord

A

scleromote-future vertebrae

attach the neural tube connected to each somites-receiving a nerve- own spinal nerve

pns (5 decks)

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