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The nervous system > Intro to nervous system + anatomy of eye > Flashcards

Intro to nervous system + anatomy of eye Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 layers of the eye

A

Fibrous layer
Vascular layer (uvea)
Sensory layer

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2
Q

What does the fibrous layer of the eye consist of (2)

A

Sclera (posterior 5/6) + cornea (anterior 1/6)

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3
Q

What does the vascular layer of the eye consist of (3)

A

Choroid, ciliary body + iris

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4
Q

What does the sensory layer of the eye consist of (1)

A

Retina

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5
Q

Function of sclera

A

extrinsic ocular muscles attach to it

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6
Q

Function of cornea

A

transparent window to allow light rays into eyeball

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7
Q

Function of choroid

A

Made up of fenestrated blood vessels which supply blood to OUTER LAYERS OF RETINA by diffusion

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8
Q

What is the blood supply to the inner layers of the retina

A

central retinal artery

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9
Q

Function of ciliary body

A

Suspends the lens via suspensory ligaments (zonules)

Produces aqueous humor

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10
Q

Function of ciliaris

A

contracts to change shape of the lens and allow accommodation

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11
Q

Function of iris

A

Controls the diameter of the pupil by concentric and radial muscles and thereby control the amount of light rays entering eye

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12
Q

Retina function

A

Contains photosensitive rods and cones to allow us to see

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13
Q

How many layers does the retina consist of

A

10

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14
Q

What is the

  • 1st layer of the retina (furthest back)
  • 2nd layer of the retina
  • 9th layer of the retina
A

Pigment epithelial layer
Rods and cones layer
Nerve fibre layer

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15
Q

Function of the pigment epithelial layer of the retina

A

Maintains health of the rods and cones

Contains pigments which absorb and help vitamin A recirculation

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16
Q

What does the nerve fibre layer of the retina contain

A

axons which join to form the OPTIC NERVE

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17
Q

How is the retina made more efficient

A

Fovea centralis

-exposed at surface of retina and PACKED WITH CONES to MAXIMISE VISUAL ACUITY

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18
Q

AH produced by what

A

Ciliary body

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19
Q

AH secreted where first

A

Posterior chamber

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20
Q

Where is AH drained out of the eye

A

angle of the anterior chamber

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21
Q

AH drainage apparatus consists of what

A

Trabecular meshwork (Acts like a sieve) –> schlemm’s canal

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22
Q

Shape of lens + what is it suspended by

A

Biconvex

Zonules from ciliary body

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23
Q

How is the lens transparent

A

Due to regular arrangement of collagen fibres and avascularity

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24
Q

Lens opacification leads to formation of a …

A

cataract

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25
Q

Bony orbit is closely related to ethmoidal and maxillary sinuses so what walls of the orbit are weak (2)

A

Medial & inferior

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26
Q

Anterior posterior length of eyeball

Anterior posterior length of orbit

A

24mm

40mm, because orbital fat cushions the eyeball posteriorly

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27
Q

What opening does CN III enter the orbit

A

Superior orbital fissure

28
Q

CN III innervates LPS + all extrinsic eye muscles except which 2

A

Superior oblique

Lateral rectus

29
Q

CN IV enters the orbit via which opening

A

Superior orbital fissure

30
Q

CN VI enters the orbit via which opening

A

Superior orbital fissure

31
Q

CN V1 enters orbit via which opening

A

Superior orbital fissure

32
Q

CN V2 enters orbit via which opening

A

Foramen rotunda

33
Q

What is the general sensory innervation to orbit and eye (2)

A

CN V1 & V2

34
Q

Largest branch of CN V1 within the orbit

A

Frontal nerve branch

35
Q

Name some small branches of CN V1 within the orbit (2)

A

Nasociliary nerve branch

Lacrimal nerve branch

36
Q

Branches of CN V2 innervate what (2)

A

Floor of orbit

Lower eyelids

37
Q

Function of intrinsic muscles of the eye

A

control pupil diameter & changes shape of lens

38
Q

Function of extrinsic muscles of the eye

A

Move the eyeball

39
Q

Superior oblique attaches to the orbit anteriorly via … then changes direction to travel laterally and attach to the …

A

Trochlea

Posterior sclera

40
Q

When the sebaceous glands of eyelashes get blocked, they inflame and enlarge and can result in the formation of a …

A

Stye (red painful lump near edge of eyelid)

41
Q

Skin of eyelid transitions into a mucous membrane called the … lining the inner surface of the eyelids

A

conjunctiva

42
Q

The conjunctiva covers the front of the sclera but doesn’t cover the…

A

cornea

43
Q

Is the conjunctiva vascular

A

Yes

44
Q

Why would it be bad if the conjunctiva covered the cornea

A

Conjunctiva is very vascular and blood vessels often leak so don’t want the conjunctiva sitting in front of transparent cornea and decreasing amount of light that passes through

45
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris originates from the apex of the orbit and attaches to what 3 things

A

a bit of the conjunctiva, a bit of the tarsal plate and to skin of the upper eyelid

46
Q

What within the eyelid gives it form/shape

A

Tarsal plate

47
Q

What does the tarsal plate contain

A

Meibomian glands which secrete oil - this oil coats the tear film and stops it evaporating

48
Q

What does the lacrimal apparatus consist of (3)

A

Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct

49
Q

Lacrimal gland function

A

secretes tears, these tears coat the front of conjunctiva and the cornea

50
Q

Where do tears secreted by lacrimal gland drain into

A

medial side of eye (through punctae) into lacrimal sac

51
Q

Tears from lacrimal sac drain into what

A

Nasolacrimal duct then into the nasopharynx

52
Q

Location of lacrimal gland

A

Lateral roof of orbit

53
Q

Innervation of lacrimal gland

A

Parasympathetic fibres of facial nerve

54
Q

Location of lacrimal sac

A

Medial wall of orbit

55
Q

Arterial supply of structures inside orbit

A

Ophthalmic artery

56
Q

Largest branch of ophthalmic artery

+ name other branches of the ophthalmic artery

A

Central retinal artery

Short posterior ciliary arteries
Long posterior ciliary arteries

57
Q

Central retinal artery travels within what nerve

A

CN II

58
Q

What is the retina’s dual blood supply

A

Central retinal artery supplies inner layers of retina

Choroid supplies outer layers of retina

59
Q

What is the optic disc also known as due to no rods or cones being present

A

Physiological blind spot

60
Q

What veins drain the orbit (2) + what sinus do they drain into

A

Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

Cavernous

61
Q

How is the transparency of the cornea maintained (3)

A
  1. REGULAR ARRANGEMENT OF COLLAGEN IN THE STROMA
  2. NO BLOOD VESSELS
  3. ENDOTHELIUM LAYER contains a pump that actively keeps AH out of the cornea
62
Q

Why is the cornea said to be an immune privileged site

A

Due to it being avascular, there’s less chance of foreign antigens from a corneal graft being recognised by the recipient so lesser chance of graft rejection

63
Q

How many layers does the tea film have + describe each layer

A

Layer 1 - mucinous layer overlying corneal epithelium

Layer 2 - aqueous layer lies over mucinous layer (MAJORITY OF TEAR FILM)

Layer 3 - oily layer is the most superficial (smallest layer

64
Q

Which layer of the tear film is the most superficial layer

A

Layer 3 - the oily layer

65
Q

Which layer of the tear film makes up the majority of the film

A

Layer 2 - the aqueous layer

66
Q

Functions of tear film (3)

A

Keeps corneal moist
Wash away foreign bodies
Has antibodies and lysozymes to kill microbes

The nervous system (9 decks)

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