Intro to Neuro Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
orientation above the midbrain
A
anterior - rostral
posterior - caudal
superior - dorsal
inferior - ventral
2
Q
orientation below the midbrain
A
anterior - ventral
posterior - dorsal
superior - rostral
inferior - caudal
3
Q
what is the function of the CNS
A
correlate and integrate info from the PNS
4
Q
what covers the CNS
A
meninges or PAD (pia, arachnoid, dura)
5
Q
the CNS is suspended in ______
A
CSF
6
Q
_______ composes the CNS
A
neurons and their processes
7
Q
these are specialized tissues cells that support the neurons of CNS
A
neuroglia
8
Q
compare the composition of gray matter and white matter
A
gray - nerve cell bodies
white - nerve fibers or AXONS wrapped in MYELIN
9
Q
compare the function of gray matter and white matter
A
gray - receives or integrates signals
white - transmits or conduits for signals only
10
Q
it connects the L and R sides of the CNS
A
commissure
11
Q
compare nuclei and ganglia
A
nuclei - cluster of nerve cells in cerebrum and brainstem or CNS
ganglia - cluster of cell bodies in PNS
12
Q
name for axon bundles in PNS
A
peripheral nerves
13
Q
gray and white matter distribution in the brain
A
outer gray - inner white
14
Q
gray and white matter distribution in the brainstem
A
gray and white on both in and out but more white outside
15
Q
gray and white matter distribution in the SC
A
outer white - inner gray
16
Q
discuss the relation of afferent and efferent to CNS and PNS
A
PNS carries afferent sensory signal to the CNS and efferent motor signals are given by CNS to PNS
17
Q
describe the structure and location of the SC
A
cylindrical and within the VC
18
Q
what surrounds the SC
A
meninges and CSF w/in the subarachnoid space
19
Q
where does the SC start and end
A
from MEDULLA OBLONGATA and FORAMEN MAGNUM in cranium until the lower border of L1
20
Q
where does SC terminate in infants
A
L3
21
Q
after passing L1 what happens to the spinal cord
A
tapers in CONUS MEDULLARIS from apex of filum terminale and descends to coccyx
22
Q
describe the structure of gray matter in the SC
A
divided into anterior and posterior horns and is united by gray commisure
23
Q
compare the anterior and posterior horns of SC
A
ant - larger motor horn cells
post - smaller sensory horn cells
24
Q
describe the white matter in the SC
A
anterior, lateral and posterior white collumns
25
loc of brain
lies in the cranium
26
what are the 3 divisions of the brain
forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
27
the brain is continuous with the SC through ______
medulla and foramen magnum
28
what delineates the medulla from the SC
foramen magnum
29
composition of brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla
30
composition of hindbrain
medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum
31
composition of forebrain
cerebrum and diencephalon
32
what is found rostral to brainstem
diencephalon
33
what is found caudal to brainstem
SC
34
what is found dorsal to brainstem
cerebellum
35
this connects the forebrain and hindbrain
midbrain
36
what connects the third and fourth ventricle
cerebral aqeuduct
37
where is the cerebral aqeuduct found
midbrain
38
what is found dorsal to the pons
cerebellum
39
what is found rostral to the pons
midbrain
40
what is found caudal to the pons
medulla
41
function of pons
bridge of transverse fibers on anterior aspect connecting the cerebral hemispheres
42
function of medulla
connects the pons and SC
43
describe the cells of the brainstem
many nuclei and ascending/descending tracts bcs it is a conduit bet brain and SC
44
______ extends throughout the central portion of the brainstem
reticular formation
44
the brainstem is responsible for what action/functions
consciousness and autonomic and motor functions
45
relate information to cerebral hemispheres, SC and brain
all info between cerebral hemispheres and SC pass the brain
46
3 divisions of brainstem
tectum, tegmentum and basis
46
where is the tectum found
only in midbrain; superior and inferior colliculus
47
where is the tegmentum found
ventral to cerebral aqeuduct in midbrain and 4th ventricle in pons and medulla
48
it makes up the main bulk of brainstem and has most nuclei and reticular formation
tegmentum
49
most ventral portion of the brainstem
basis
50
what can be found in the basis
corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts; connects brain and spinal nerves
51
large collection of fiber making up corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
basis
52
loc of cerebellum
in posterior cranial fossa; dorsal to pons and medulla
53
describe the structure of the cerebellum
has 2 laterally placed hemispheres connected by vermis
54
the cerebellum is connected to the ______
brainstem
55
what connects the cerebellum to the midbrain
superior cerebellar peduncles
56
what connects the cerebellum to the pons
middle cerebellar peduncles
57
what connects the cerebellum to the medulla
inferior cerebellar peduncles
58
what is the outer layer of the cerebellum called
cortex
59
folds of cortex
folia
60
what separates folia
transverse fissures
61
largest mass of gray matter in cerebellum
dentate nucleus
62
what makes up the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
63
describe the structure of diencephalon
egg shaped mass of gray matter
64
what is the loc of diencephalon
on either side of the 3rd ventricle
65
found on the anterior end of the thalamus
posterior boundary of interventricular foramen
66
largest part of the brain
cerebrum
67
describe the structure of cerebrum
has 2 hemispheres that are mirror image of each other that spans from frontal to occipital bones
68
what separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres
medial longitudinal fissure
69
what connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
70
what does the medial longitudinal fissure contain
falx cerebri
71
the caudal part of the cerebrum lies over ______
tentorium cerebelli
72
the cortex of the cerebrum is folded called the ______ and separated by _____
gyrus
fissures or sulci
73
compare fissures and sulci
sulci - shallow surrounding gyru
fissures - deeper and divides into lobes
74
fan shaped collection of nerve fibers in the white matter of cerebrum
corona radiata
75
what are the 6 lobes of the cerebrum
fronta
parietal
temporal
occipital
limbic
insula
76
separates frontal and parietal lobe
central sulcus of rolando
77
separates frontal and temporal lobe
lateral sylvian fissure
78
significance of central sulcus of rolando
rostral to it - precentral gyrus or motor homonculus
caudal to it - postcentral gyrus or somatosensory homunculus
79
discuss the corresponding body part in the homunculus from medial to lateral
LE-UE-face
80
what are the 3 layers of meninges
dura
arachnoid
pia
81
refers to arachnoid + pia
leptomeninges
82
structure of dura
outer dense CT
83
structure of arachnoid
reticular fibers forming web-like membrane
84
structure of pia
thin translucent adherent to surface of brain and SC
85
attachment of outer periosteal layer of dura
inner surface of cranium
86
significance of inner periosteal layer of dura
lined w fat cells and divides cranial cavity into compartments
87
what does outer periosteal layer of dura contain
bv and nerves
88
what does inner periosteal layer of dura contain
falx cerebri
tentonium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae
89
divides the cerebrum from to left and right
falx cerebri from midline ng crista galli to internal occipital protuberance
90
roofs over posterior fossa of cranial cavity
tentorium cerebelli
91
opening of tentorium where brainstem passes
tentorial incisure/notch
92
extension of dura that roofs over pituitary fossa
diaphragma sellae
93
what perforates the diaphragma sellae
infundibulum
94
blood supp of dura matter
ant, post and middle meningeal artery
95
nerve supp of dura matter
supratentorial - branches of trigeminal
infratentorial - upper 3 cervical and vagus
96
compare the 2 layers of pia matter
intima pia - inner layer; reticulat and elastic fibers; carries cerebral vessels
epipial layer - cont w arachnoid trabeculae; collagenous fibers; carries bv in SC
97
describe the structure of arachnoid
nonvascular bet dura and pia that passes over sulci w/o following contours
98
between pia and arachnoid which one follows contours
intima pia
99
what is the subarachnoid space
space bet pia and arachnoid filled w CSF
100
what are subarachnoid cisterns
widespread pia and arachnoid at base of brain and around brainstem
101
what are the subarachnoid cisters
superior cistern
chiasmatic cistern
interpeduncular cistern
pontine cistern
cerebellomeduallry cistern
102
discuss the sequence of brain ventricles
lateral vent - intervent foramen of MONROE - 3rd vent - cerebral aqueduct of SYLVIUS - 4th vent - LUSCHKA - MAGENDIE - subarachnoid space
103
connects lateral vent and 3rd vent
intervent foramen of monroe
103
connects 3rd and 4th vent
cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
104
where can CSF be found
ventricles and subarachnoid spaces
105
functions of CSF
cushion and protect CNS
buoyancy and support
regulation of nutrients
nourishes CNS
removes metabolites
pathway for pineal gland secretions to pituitary
106
where is CSF mainly formed
choroid plexuses of lateral, 3rd and 4th vent
107
how is CSF absorbed
through arachnoid villi that project into dural venous sinuses
108
what are the components of the PNS
cranial and spinal nerves; mga axons
109
purpose of PNS
conducts info to and from CNS
110
what are the 31 spinal nerves
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
111
how are spinal nerves connected to the SC
via 2 roots; anterior and posterior
112
compare the 2 nerve roots
ant - efferent; motor; nerve body sa ant gray horn
post - afferent; sensory; nerve body sa sensory root ganglia
113
discuss the pathway of spinal nerve roots
each root passes at the level of their respective IV foramina where they will unite to form spinal nerve (motor and sensory)
only becomes into anterior and posterior ramus after entering IV foramen
114
compare anterior and posterior ramus
ant - passes ant to VC suppling muscles and skin over the anterolateral body and all of limbs
post - passes post of VS supplying muscles and skin of the back
115
what happens to anterior rami at roots of limbs
forms nerve plexuses
UE - cervical and brachial
LE - lumbosacral
116
what is a DRG
fusiform swellings on posterior root of each spinal nerve (sensory)
117
what are the 2 parts of the ANS
symph and parasymph
118
functional division of PNS
ANS
119
the ANS is distributed throughout the ______
CNS and PNS
120
what does ANS innervate
heart, smooth muscles, glands
121
it is the 3rd autonomic division
ENS
122
what does the ENS supply
neural plexuses within the walls of gut
123
function of ENS
controls peristalsis and GI secretions
