Intro to NS Conceptual LOs

Question 1

Define Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

Answer 1

Central includes the brain and spinal column Peripheral is everything outside of the CNS

Question 2

What two divisions is the peripheral nervous system divided into?

Answer 2

1. Sensory = Afferent It sends information to the CNS via sensory or afferent neurons 2. Motor = Efferent Takes information from the CNS to target cells via efferent neurons

Question 3

What are the two divisions of the Motor of Efferent division of the Nervous System?

Answer 3

1. Somatic - controls voluntary movement 2. Autonomic - controls involuntary responses

Question 4

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous system?

Answer 4

1. Sympathetic - fight or flight 2. Parasympathetic - rest and digest

Question 5

How many vertebrae are there?

Answer 5

33

Question 6

How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae are there?

Answer 6

cervical = 7 thoracic = 8 Lumbar = 5 Sacral = 5 Coccygeal = 3-5

Question 7

What does a normal adult curvature of the spine help with?

Answer 7

maintaining posture and contributes to the flexibility and shock-absorbing properties of the vertebral column.

Question 8

What is a Lordotic curvature?

Answer 8

Concave posteriorly present in the cervical and lumbar region

Question 9

What is a kyphotic curvature?

Answer 9

convex posteriorly

Present in the thoracic and sacral regions

Question 10

What is Hyperkyphosis?

Answer 10

An exaggeration of the normal kyphotic curvature in the thoracic region

Question 11

What is Hyperlordosis?

Answer 11

An exaggeration of the normal lordotic curvature in the cervical and/or lumbar regions

Question 12

What is Scoliosis?

Answer 12

Abnormal lateral deviation of the vertebral column. Often accompanied with kyphotic or lordotic curves.

Question 13

Anatomy of spinal cord, dorsal and ventral roots, spinal nerves and dorsal and ventral rami

Answer 13

Question 14

Describe the three layers of the meniges surrounding the spinal cord

Answer 14

1. Dura Mater - forms thick outer meningeal layer
2. Arachnoid Mater- Delicate vascular membrane usually stuck to inside of dura with spidery projections that attach to the pia mater
3. Pia mater -

Question 15

What are collections of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system called?

Answer 15

Nuclei

Question 16

What are collections of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS called?

Answer 16

Ganglila

Question 17

What are the three types of ganglia

Answer 17

1. Sensory - spinal or DRG
2. Sympathetic - paravertebral ganglia and prevertebral ganglia
3. Parasympathetic - associated with cranial nerves III, V, VII, IX, and X. Also with small ganglia near organs.

Question 18

What is the shape of an afferent nerve or neuron

Answer 18

Psuedounipolar or bipolar

Question 19

Psuedounipolar neuron has what shape

What division of the NS system does this belong to?

Answer 19

cell body in the middle with mylinated axon on either side. Almost looks like it’s just an axon.

Afferent (Sensory)

Question 20

What is the shape of a Bipolar neuron?

What division of the NS does this neuron belong to?

Answer 20

dendrite that extends to a centrally located cell body and the an axon extends from the other side of the cell body

Afferent (Sensory)

Question 21

The neurons in the central nervous system have what shape?

Answer 21

Multipolar - branches off both sides of cell body. No mylination

Question 22

What type of neurons are in the Efferent division of the NS?

What are the two shapes of these neurons?

Answer 22

Multipolar

mylinated axon (Somatic)

unmylenated axon (Autonomic)

Question 23

What is the pathway of an Afferent sensory signal?

Answer 23

Dorsal root ganglion -> dorsal rootlets -> dorsal horn

Question 24

Visceral or Autonomic afferent neurons are located where?

Answer 24

localized within organs to send information to the CNS

Question 25

Somatic (Voluntary) neurons are located where

Answer 25

Primarily on skin detect temp, pain, burns

Question 26

Efferent or motor neurons have what shape?

Answer 26

Multipolar

Question 27

Efferent neurons contain

Answer 27

both axons and dendrites

Question 28

Visceral (Autonomic) efferent signal follows initially exits the CNS where? How many neurons does it use? Pathway of signal

Answer 28

exits the lateral horn towards organ. Uses 2 neurons cell body in CNS -\> synapses with another neuron in the PNS. Preganglionic fiber -\> preganglionic axon -\> ganglionic neuron -\> post ganglionic fiber

Question 29

Somatic Efferent exits the CNS where? How many neurons does it use What is the signal pathway?

Answer 29

the ventral horn towards muscle 1 that goes directly to skeletal muscle you do not have a synapse. Ventral or lateral horn -\> ventral rootlets -\> spinal root -\> corresponding rami

Question 30

Somatic Pain

Answer 30

Pain from skin, muscles and soft tissue

Question 31

Visceral pain

Answer 31

pain from organs or blood vesesls harder to pinpoint and generally described as an aching or squeezing.

Question 32

Describe spinal cord segment

Answer 32

Defined by the rootlets. Corresponds with the same vertebral level from the thoracic area down. But the cervical does not because C1 segment occurs above the atlas. Thus C2 segment corresponds with the atlas.

Question 33

Dermatome

Answer 33

Patch of skin innervated by the somatic sensory neurons (Afferent) found in a particular dorsal root ganglia

Question 34

Myotome

Answer 34

The group of muscles innervated by the somatic motor neurons (Efferent) whose axons exit the spinal cord in a particular ventral root.

Question 35

Contrast Root, plexus, and terminal branch with respect to definition, location, and pathology

Answer 35

Root in the brachial plexus is actually the ventral rami of the spinal nerve Plexus - Portions of peripheral nerves between "roots" and the terminal branches, where the axons have redistributed themselves. Terminal branch would typically mean the end of a nerve, but in a plexus it's when the axons are finally specific to an innervation.

Question 36

Describe the anatomy of the brachial plexus as an example of a nerve plexus.

Answer 36

Innervates the upper limb. rovides sensory information and motor functions to the corresponding muscle of the upper limb and shoulder - Roots - Trunks Divisions Cords Terminal "RaT DuCT"

Question 37

What are the roots of the brachial plexus?

Answer 37

Supraclavicular, 5 central rami C5-8, T1

Question 38

What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?

Answer 38

Superior C5-C6 Middle C7 Inferior C8-T1

Question 39

What are the cords of the brachial plexus?

Answer 39

All with respect to the axillary artery Lateral - fusion of the anterior superior and middle trunk Medial - continuation of the anterior division of the inferior trunk Posterior - all posterior visions come together

Question 40

What are the divisions of the brachial plexus?

Answer 40

Trunks divide into anterior and posterior anterior superior posterior superior Anterior Middle Posterior Middle Anterior Inferior Posterior Inferior

Question 41

What are the Terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

Answer 41

AMeRican MUsic A- Axillary C5, C6 ventral rami M - Musculocutaneous C5-C7 R- Radial C5-C8 M- Median C5-C9 U- Ulnar C8-T1