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ANAT 411 > Intro to the nervous system Slide Show Cards > Flashcards

Intro to the nervous system Slide Show Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic

What do these innervate?

A

Voluntary.

Innervate the bone, skin, muscles, and joints

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2
Q

Visceral - AKA Autonomic

What does it innervate?

A

Involuntary; autonomic Internal. Innervates the visceral tissues, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

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3
Q

Somatic efferent

A

Motor Supplies skeletal

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4
Q

Somatic afferent

A

Sensory Sensation from the skin, bone, joint

detecting temp, pain, burn

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5
Q

Visceral efferent - Autonomic Efferent

A

Motor Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Smooth muscle cardiac muscle and glands

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6
Q

Visceral Afferent - Autonommic Afferent

A

localized within organs and sending sensory information to the CNS

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7
Q

Cell body Where are they normally found?

A

Soma Usually found in collections (ganglia, nuclei, gray matter)

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8
Q

Dendrite What type of signal do they carry?

A

Multiple Carry Afferent impulses

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9
Q

Axon What Type of signals do they carry?

A

single Carries Efferent impulses

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10
Q

Synapse

A

Point of communication between neurons or between neurons and effector cells (skin, muscle, gland)

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11
Q

Myelin…what does it do?

A

Insulates axons electrically Boosts nerve conduction

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12
Q

What are the cells that form the myelin sheath in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

What makes oligo dendrocytes unique to the CNS?

A

One oligo cell reaches out and mylinates many axons

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14
Q

Ehat are the cells that form the myelin sheath in the PNS?

A

Schwann Cells

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15
Q

What makes Scwann cells unique for the PNS?

A

One schwann cell mylinates a single axon

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16
Q

What is a collection of axons called?

A

A fascicle

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17
Q

What is the order and name of the connective tissue sheaths surrounding peripheral nerves?

A
  1. Endoneurium (surrounds axon)
  2. Perineurium (around fascicles)
  3. Epineurium (around whole nerves)
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18
Q

Gray matter consists of

A

Nerve cell bodies

Dendrites and short Axon segments

Glial Cells

Ganglion

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19
Q

White Matter Consists of

A

Axons. These primarily form the tracts

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20
Q

Where is white and gray matter on the spinal cord?

A

White = peripheral

Gray = central

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21
Q

Where is white and gray matter located in the cerebral cortex?

A

White = central

Gray = peripheral

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22
Q

What are the three membranes that surround the spinal cord and roots?

From Outermost to innermost

AKA Spinal Meninges

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid mater

3 Pia mater

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23
Q

Dura Mater

A

Dense Connective Tissue

Forms Dural Root Sleeve

Blends with Epineurium (the outer connective tissue covering of the spinal nerves).

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24
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Avascular

Encloses CSF-filled subarachnoid space

Held against the dura by CSF pressure

Arachnoid trabeculae connect the arachnoid and the pia mater.

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Pia Mater
Adherent (like shrinkwrap) to brain, spinal cord, and nerve roots Forms Denticulate ligament Helps limit lateral movement of spinal cord
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What are denticulate ligaments?
Lateral extension of pia mater attach pia to arachnoid and dura provides support for the spinal cord
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What are the 3 main divisions of the gray matter in the spinal cord?
1. Dorsal horn 2. Lateral Horn - Intermediolateral column 3. Ventral horn
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Rootlets
Originate from one spinal cord segment and merge to form larger root
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Dorsal Root Ganglion
Swelling of the Dorsal root where the primary sensory neurons are locate
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Spinal nerve
Area where ventral and dorsal root merge
31
Rami
Branching of the spinal nerve into dorsal and ventral rami
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Dorsal Rami innervate
synovial joints of vertebral column, intrinsic back muscles and overlying skin
33
Ventral Rami innervate
anterior and lateral regions of the trunk and upper and lower limbs
34
What is the order of structures from the spinal cord that make a spinal nerve
dorsal and ventral rootlets -\> merge to form dorsal and ventral roots -\> form spinal nerve
35
Spinal roots have how many funstional fibers? What are the two types of roots?
One single functional fiber type A. Dorsal Root - afferent (sensory) -reception B. Ventral Root - efferent (motor)- distribution
36
Spinal Nerves and Rami have how many functional fiber types?
Two (mixed) Afferent (sensory) -reception Efferent (motor) - distribution
37
Spinal Somatic reflex arc What is the pathway?
Reaction to stimulus that does not involve the brain it's immediate. Sensory input -\> travels dorsal afferent signal -. dorsal horn -\> Ventral horn -\> signal transferred via efferent signal to muscle receptors.
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Monosynaptic reflex
Mediated by receptors inside the muscle Ex: biceps, triceps, patellar, achilles tendon, and deep tendon reflexes
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Polysynaptic reflex
Mediated by receptors outside muscle \*\*Golgi tendon has a dysnaptic pathway Ex: sensory receptors in the skin --touching a hot object
40
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? How many are cervical? How many thoracic? How many Lumbar? How many Sacral? How many coccygeal?
31 8 5 5 1
41
How many cervical spinal nerves are there? How many cervical vertebrae are there?
8 7 One nerve exits above C1 C8 exits between C7 and T1 All other nerves exit just below the vertebrae with the same number
42
Where does a spinal nerve exit the spinal column? Where are the intervertebral discs located in proximity to the IV foramen
The intervertebral (IV) foramen Adjacent to the lower half of the IV foramen
43
Where would a herniated disc have its impact? L4/L5 herniation affects what spinal nerve? C5/C6 herniation affects which spinal nerve?
Affects the spinal nerve directly below it. L5 C6
44
What about the cervical region C5/C6 and C6/C7 disks are most commonly herniated?
The presence of the extra cervical spianl nerve C8 results in cervical nerves contacting the disk of the next higher number.
45
Where on the spinal cord are there enlargements?
C4-T1 because need more ventral rami to form the brachial plexus that supplies the upper limb T11-S1 more ventral rami are need to form the lumbrosacral plexus that supplies the lower limb
46
Which spinal cord level is found at the L2 vertebral level? What area can this spinal cord actually occur in real patients?
Conus Medullaris high as T12 or as low as L3
47
Cauda Equina
Spinal nerve roots form lumbosacral (lumbar) enlargement
48
Filum Terminale
Anchors inferior end of spinal cord (Tip of the conus medullaris) to the coccyx
49
What are the two parts of the Filum Terminale?
1. Filum terminale internum (pia mater) 2. Filum terminale externum (dura mater)
50
What is the Lumbar Cistern? Where is it located? What does it contain?
Enlargement of the subarachnoid space Inferior end of spinal cord (conus medullaris at L2) Inferior end of dura mater and subarachnoid space at S2 Cauda Equina, Filum Terminale, CSF
51
why does spinal cord end higher than the vertebral (spinal) canal? What is a practical application of this?
During development, the vertebral column grows more than the spinal cord. Spinal cords in children end at lower vertebral level than in adults. This is important when performing a lumbar puncture.
52
Where is the tip of the spinal typically found in an adult? Where is the tip found in a newborn
L1/L2 IV disc L3/L4
53
What creates and is occupied by the cauda equina? Which way are lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots in the cauda equina?
Lumbar cistern Inferiorly
54
What is a lumbar puncture What anatomical features allows this procedure to be performed safely?
Extraction of CSF from the lumbar cistern The lumbar cistern is filled with fluid with the spinal nerves directed inferiorly in CSF. When you puncture a fluid filled space it gives greater chance that the nerve will be pushed out of the way instead of being punctured by the needle
55
Which space contains CSF?
Subarachnoid space
56
what are the two spaces lumbar anesthesia is typically placed?
1. epidural space - area before the dura mater (no spinal cord puncture) 2. Subarachnoid space - more risky because you are puncturing the spinal cord
57
What do most ventral rami form?
A peripheral nerve plexus
58
Cervical plexus is made up of which ventral rami? The Brachial Plexus? The lumbar plexus? The Sacral plexus? Why is there no thoracic plexus?
C1-C4 C5-T1 L1-L4 S1-S4 Thoracic ventral rami form individual parallel intercostal nerves (next to ribs)
59
Where does the brachial plexus begin? What ventral rami form it? What is it? Where does the plexus extend into? What is it's purpose?
Intervertbral Foramina C5-T1 Branching network of intersecting nerves Into the Axilla (armpit) It's branches supply the upper limb
60
What are the 3 Regions of the brachial plexus?
1. Supraclavicular Roots Trunks 2. Posterior to clavicle Divisions 3. Infraclavicular Cords Terminal Branches
61
Mnuemonic to remember parts of the brachial plexus
Rugby Team Drinks Cold Beer Roots Trunks Divisions Cords Terminal Branches
62
What are the 5 terminal branches?
1. Axillary 2. Radial 3. Musculocutaneous 4. Median 5. Ulnar
63
All spinal nerves transmit sensory information from where? What is the single exception?
The skin C1 nerve does not
64
What is a Dermatome? Dermatomes on the trunk, neck, and posterior head form what? Skin of the face and scalp are suppplied by what nerve?
A region of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve. Consecutive bands The trigeminal nerve (CN V)
65
What is a Myotome?
Portion of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve
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ANAT 411 (4 decks)

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