Intro to Nutrition

Question 1

nutrition

Answer 1

the study of the body’s need and mechanisms of acquiring, digesting, transporting, and metabolizing nutrients
feed costs can exceed 70% of animal production

Question 2

monogastric

Answer 2

human pig dog cat
simple stomach
dietary components broken down and absorbed in small intestine

Question 3

ruminant

Answer 3

cattle sheep goats moose giraffe etc.
herbivorous diet in general
rumen contains microbes that degrade feed
-fermentation energy products absorbed here
microbes then passed into abomasum
final digestion and absorption in sm. intestine

Question 4

hind gut fementation

Answer 4

microbes in hind gut break down forage

fermentation products absorbed for energy

Question 5

nutrient

Answer 5

a substance in the diet that supports normal functions of the body
6 major components 
carbohydrates
protein
lipids
vitamins
minerals
water

Question 6

feedstuff components

Answer 6

water (moisture)
protein (crude protein)
fat (crude fat)
carbohydrates
vitamins
minerals (ash)

energy NOT a nutrient

Question 7

dietary essential nutrients

Answer 7

must be part of the animals diet
ex: essential AA, some vitamins, some minerals
species specific
50 for most monogastrics
-cant be made at all or in sufficient quantities by the body
deficiency = disease or decreased performance

Question 8

nutrients are energy sources

Answer 8

generate energy via metabolism to generate ATP

Question 9

measures of nutritional energy

Answer 9

calorie (cal) amt of heat to raise 1g water 1degC

nutritionalists calorie is actually a kilocalorie (kcal)

Question 10

water

Answer 10

obtained from food, beverages, metabolism (formed during chem rxn)
excreted via kidney, skin, intestines
functions: lubrication, cooling

Question 11

carbohydrates

Answer 11

important source of energy 4 kcal/g
chemically CHO
glucose, simple sugars, complex carbs
deficiency - no specific requirement but will be manifested as an energy deficiency
excess - deposited as fat in adipose tissue

Question 12

glucose

Answer 12

6 carbon sugar
the bodys major energy source
primary fuel of metabolism 
- only source of food for brain
limited body reserves in form of glycogen
-chains of glucose in liver and muscle
excess glucose converted to body fat
large increase in glucose requirements in late pregnancy and lactation

Question 13

monosacchardies

Answer 13

hexoses 6 C
glucose - blood sugar
galactose - part of lactose
fructose - part of sucrose

Question 14

disaccharides

Answer 14

sucrose - table sugar
-glucose and fructose
lactose - milk sugar
-glucose and galactose

Question 15

polysaccharides

Answer 15

polymers of glucose
starches
fiber
cellulose

Question 16

starches

Answer 16

mostly alpha 1-4 linkages between glucoses
storage form of energy
plant - amylose, easily digestible
animal - glycogen

Question 17

fiber

Answer 17

major components of plant cell walls
structural components of forages
termed non digestible

Question 18

celulose

Answer 18

plant cell wall
gives rigidity
animals lack cellulase enzyme required to break beta 1-4 linkage
can be hydrolyzed in rumen

Question 19

microbial fermentation

Answer 19

celulose –> glucose –> VFAs
products are short chain volatile fatty acids
acetate, propionate, butyrate
these are absorbed where they are produced

Question 20

lipids

Answer 20

fats
9 kcal/g
made up of fatty acids (long medium and short chains of C)
fat is stored as triglyceride (glycerol and 3 fatty acids)
required for cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)
deficiency - scaly skin, tail necrosis, growth and reproductive failure
excess - obesity, health problems

Question 21

essential fatty acids

Answer 21

linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3)
required for membrane, prostaglandin, hormone synthesis
plentiful in plant materials, fish oil, and animal fat

Question 22

saturated fatty acids

Answer 22

solid at room temp

animal fats such as butter

Question 23

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 23

liquid at room temperature

ex veg oil

Question 24

protein

Answer 24

synthesized in animal form
-AA from diet and synthesized in body
whole proteins not absorbed broken down into AA that can then be absorbed
long chains of AA

Question 25

amino acids

Answer 25

``` 20 different AAs characterized by 3 components 1. an amine group - NH3 (nitrogen) 2. a carboxyl group - COOH 3. an R group - specific for each AA ```

Question 26

peptide bonds

Answer 26

AAs joined together by peptide bonds - 2 AAs joined H2O molecule removed AA composition of protein controls folding and function

Question 27

essential amino acid

Answer 27

must be provided in the diet

Question 28

non-essential amino acid

Answer 28

animal can synthesize or make from other AA

Question 29

semi essential amino acid

Answer 29

rate of synthesis is too low to meet demand

Question 30

first limiting amino acid

Answer 30

essential AA in least concentration in diet relative to animals needs all AA must be present in diet for normal protein synthesis

Question 31

amino acid deficiency

Answer 31

``` poor growth rate reduced intake low birth weight and high infant mortality reduced milk and egg production infertility ```

Question 32

non protein nitrogen

Answer 32

``` ruminant bacteria can use NPN to make AA NPN: AA nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) Ammonia (NH3) urea ```

Question 33

minerals and vitamins

Answer 33

``` key factors in metabolism enzyme cofactors (catalysts) ```

Question 34

vitamins

Answer 34

organic components of feedstuffs that are required in minute quantities for a specific function some species are able to synthesize some vitamins or utilize vitamins that are microbially synthesized

Question 35

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 35

some storage in body fat | A, D, E, K

Question 36

water soluble vitamins

Answer 36

limited body storage vitamin C B vitamins

Question 37

function of vitamins

Answer 37

``` biochemical reactions - cofactors -such as B vit folate antioxidants - vit E and C vision - vit A structure - vit D blood clotting - vit K ```

Question 38

vitamin D

Answer 38

bone growth | reproduction

Question 39

vitamin E

Answer 39

immune function | reproduction

Question 40

vitamin A

Answer 40

vision, bone growth

Question 41

vitamin B

Answer 41

growth, anemia

Question 42

vitamin C

Answer 42

scurvy | in guinea pigs causes scaly bleeding skin

Question 43

minerals

Answer 43

inorganic elements - on periodic table macro: Na, Ca, Cl, Mg, P, K, S - 100's of mg to gm range micro: Cr, Co, Cu, F, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, Zn - ug to 10's mg range

Question 44

function of minerals

Answer 44

most minerals may have many functions structural (bone, egg shell) - Ca, P biochem rxn (catalyst coenzyme) - P, Fe nervous/ muscular system activity Ca, Na, Cl regulation of osmotic pressure and pH (acid and base)

Question 45

mineral deficiencies

Answer 45

calcium - osteomalacia - milk fever Iron - anemia (component of hemoglobin) Iodine - goiter (thyroid hormone component)

Question 46

milk fever

Answer 46

excessive loss fo blood Ca in early lactation | hypocalcemia

Question 47

goiter

Answer 47

iodine deficiency | extensive growth of thyroid gland due to over compensation

Question 48

osteomalacia

Answer 48

rickets soft bones bowed legs