Nutrition and Feed

Question 1

biological value of a protein

Answer 1

high biological value - contains the essential AA required by in a proportion similar to that required by the consumer
low biological value - one or more essential AA are scarce
limiting AA - AA in shortest supply in relation to need

Question 2

ration formation

Answer 2

goal: to provide the animal w/ a balanced diet containing the nutrients required to meet its physiological needs
needs include:
-maintenance requirements + additional needs for: growth pregnancy lactation work etc.
must consider: nutrient composition of feedstuffs
-digestibility
-palatability

Question 3

diet

Answer 3

all feedstuffs being consumed including water

Question 4

ration

Answer 4

specific feeds being given in a 24hr period

specific quantities

Question 5

national research council

Answer 5

NRC
Publishes:
-nutrient requirement of domestic animals
-nutrient contents of ration ingredients

Question 6

physiological control of feed intake

Answer 6

energy and gut fill

in energy density is too low then cant consume enough due to gut capacity

Question 7

feedstuff components

Answer 7

water (moisture)
protein
fat
carbohydrates
vitamins
minerals
energy (calories)

Question 8

proximate analysis

Answer 8

a general approximation of the feeds (or rations) content of major nutrient groups
a chemical analysis

Question 9

moisture content determination

Answer 9

dry the feed sample

weight before - weight after = moisture content

Question 10

kjeldahl

Answer 10

chemical analysis of total nitrogen in the sample

Question 11

ether extraction

Answer 11

removes fat from the sample

weight before - weight after = fat content

Question 12

measure soluble carbohydrate and protein

Answer 12

boil in acid
boil in alkali
then left w/ crude fiber and ash

Question 13

ash

Answer 13

minerals

Question 14

measure soluble carbohydrates

Answer 14

nitrogen free extract (NFE)

100% - CP - fat - crude fiber - ash = NFE

Question 15

calories in feed

Answer 15

bomb calorimeter
carbs = 4kcal/g
protein = 4kcal/g
fat = 9kcal/g

Question 16

gross energy

Answer 16

includes all energy in feed
not all available to the animal
bomb calorimeter test

Question 17

digestible energy

Answer 17

how much energy does NOT end up in the feces

= energy absorbed

Question 18

metabolized energy

Answer 18

what is left after accounting for energy lost in feces, urine, and gases

Question 19

net energy

Answer 19

left after losses in feces, urine, gases, and heat increment

available for maintenance, growth, lactation, work, etc.

Question 20

heat increment

Answer 20

energy lost in fermentation and in metabolic processes associated with work of digestion

Question 21

digestibility trials

Answer 21

estimating feed value based on digestibility w/in the target animal
biological analysis

Question 22

apparent digestibility

Answer 22

digestion trial w/ animals consuming the test ration

nutrient consumed - nutrient excreted in feces = nutrient digested and absorbed

Question 23

nutrient digestibility %

Answer 23

(nutrient intake - nutrient in feces) x 100

nutrient intake

Question 24

NRC 8 categories of feedstuffs

Answer 24

dry forages and roughage
pasture range plats and green forages
silages
energy feeds
protein supplements 
mineral supplements
vitamin supplements
non-nutritive additives

Question 25

dry forages and roughages

Answer 25

``` > or = 18% crude fiber (up to 50%) low in NFE (cell contents) variable digestibility and energy content protein content varies (2-30%) CHEAP ruminants and hind gut fermentation -ferment --> VFA's -ruminants forage protein to high quality microbial protein ```

Question 26

pasture

Answer 26

grass mixture variable moisture level (20-80%) other nutrients vary moisture content can limit intake

Question 27

silages

Answer 27

``` anaerobic respiration produces acids --> low pH -kill microbes and preserves feed loss of nutrients (feeding microbes) can spoil if doesnt stay anaerobic ```

Question 28

energy feeds

Answer 28

``` cereal grains (wheat, oats, corn) < 18% crude fiber high starch low protein (<20% CP) 1st limiting AA -protein quality -grains low in lys, met often low in Ca, P, minerals, Vit A and D ```

Question 29

protein supplements

Answer 29

``` > 20% CP high quality protein EXPENSIVE Plant - oilseed meals Animal - bone, feather, blood, fish meals NPN - esp. urea ```

Question 30

mineral supplements

Answer 30

salt (often trace mineralized) Ca and P from bone meal, oyster shell etc. premixed mineral "packages"are often purchased

Question 31

vitamin supplements

Answer 31

yeast extracts, fish oil, etc. purified vitamins -vitamin premixes -fed in excess of requirement as insurance

Question 32

non-nutritive additives

Answer 32

other ingredients promote palatability, growth feed efficiency, health ex: msg, preservatives, coloring, flavor, antibiotics must be FDA approved if classified as drugs

Question 33

lasalocid

Answer 33

a cocidiostat prevents coccidiosis (an internal parasite increases the efficiency of rumen fermentation