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Hem/Onc > Intro to Oncology > Flashcards

Intro to Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common cancers in the US?

A

prostate, lung, and breast cancer

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths?

A

lung cancer

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3
Q

What is the role of a pharmacist in cancer treatment?

A

to have a thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenomic properties of all the anticancer agents

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4
Q

How is cancer thought to develop?

A

the normal mechanisms for cell growth and proliferation in a cell are altered

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5
Q

What is the process of cancer formation called?

A

carcinogenesis

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6
Q

What are the stages of carcinogenesis

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Promotion
  3. Conversion
  4. Progression
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7
Q

What is initiation?

A

when normal cells are exposed to carcinogens

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8
Q

What is promotion?

A

carcinogens alter the environment to favor altered cell growth over normal cell growth

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9
Q

What is conversion?

A

the normal cell turns cancerous

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10
Q

What is progression?

A

further genetic alterations that lead to rapid proliferation, invasion into local tissues, and metastasis

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11
Q

Which drugs can cause leukemia?

A
  1. alkylating agents
  2. anthracyclines
  3. epipodophyllotoxins
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12
Q

which drugs can cause liver cancer?

A
  1. anabolic steroids

2. steroidal estrogens

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13
Q

what drugs can cause renal or urinary cancer?

A
  1. analgesics containing phenacetin

2. oxazaphosphorines

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14
Q

Which drugs can cause endometrium cancer?

A
  1. antiestrogens
  2. nonsteroidal estrogens
  3. steroidal estrogens
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15
Q

Which drugs can cause skin cancer

A
  1. coal tar

2. immunosuppressive drugs

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16
Q

Which drug can cause vaginal or cervical cancer?

A

nonsteroidal estrogens

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17
Q

Which drugs can cause breast cancer?

A
  1. steroidal estrogens

2. nonsteroidal estrogens

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18
Q

Which drug can cause testicular cancer

A

nonsteroidal estrogens

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19
Q

Which drug can cause lymphomas?

A

immunosuppressive drugs

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20
Q

What two types of genes play an important role in the development of cancer?

A

oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

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21
Q

What are the functional abilities acquired by cancer cells?

A
  1. angiogenesis
  2. self-proliferation
  3. insensitivity to antigrowth signals
  4. metastasis
  5. antiapoptotic effects
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22
Q

How are proto-oncogenes turned into oncogenes?

A

through genetic alterations such as point mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, or gene amplifications

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23
Q

What is the oncogene responsible for?

A

it either produces excessive amounts of normal gene product or an abnormal gene product

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24
Q

ALK

A

lung cancer, lymphomas, neuroblastoma, ovarian cancers

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25
BCR-ABL
acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia
26
BCL-2
B-cell lymphomas
27
BRAF
colon cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, and thyroid cancer
28
ERBB1
colon cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, lung cancer
29
ERBB2
breast, gastric, and lung cancers
30
KIT (CD117)
acute leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumor
31
MYC
acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, retinoblastoma, T-cell lymphomas
32
P13KCA
lung and ovarian cancer
33
RAS (NRAS, HRAS, KRAS)
colon cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, and thyroid cancer
34
RET
lung cancer and thyroid cancer
35
APC
colon and thymus cancer
36
BRCA1 and BRCA2
breast and ovarian cancer
37
MSH2, MLH1, PMS1, PMS2, MSH6
colon cancer
38
NF1 and NF2
melanomas and leukemia
39
P53
multiple cancers
40
PTEN
lung and ovarian cancers
41
RB1
bladder cancer, retinoblastoma, sarcoma
42
VHL
renal cell cancer
43
What do DNA repair genes do?
repair DNA damaged by environmental factors
44
What is the theory of sequential genetic alteration?
one gene alteration isn't enough to cause cancer. It takes multiple somatic alterations.
45
What are passenger mutations?
gene mutations that don't lead to cancer
46
What are driver mutations?
mutations that support the longterm survival of cancer
47
What are the most important proteins associated with the cell cycle clock?
cyclins and cyclin-dependent
48
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
S phase, M phase, G1 and G2 phase, and G0 phase
49
7 warning signs of cancer
CAUTION ``` C - change in bowel or bladder habits A - a sore throat that doesn't heal U - unusual bleeding or discharge T - thickening or lump I - indigestion or difficulting swallowing O - obvious change in wart/mole N - nagging cough or hoarseness ```
50
What does the definitive diagnosis of cancer rely on?
tissue sample/biopsy
51
What is the purpose of staging?
Do give a prognosis and guide treatment selection
52
What are tumor markers used for?
Treatment response and detecting recurrence
53
What is the staging system?
TNM Tumor Nodes Metastasis
54
What are the three modalities used to treat cancer?
radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy
55
What is the treatment of choice for early-stage cancer?
surgery
56
What is adjuvant therapy?
systemic therapy given after surgery
57
What is neoadjuvant therapy?
systemic therapy given before surgery
58
What is induction therapy?
systemic therapy to eradicate cancer in the blood or lymph
59
What is consolidation therapy?
systemic therapy that eradicates any remaining cells in the blood or lymph
60
What is maintenance therapy?
systemic therapy given to retain remission
61
benign surface epithelium
papilloma
62
malignant surface epithelium
carcinoma
63
benign glandular
adenoma
64
malignant
adenocarcinoma
65
benign fibrous
fibroma
66
malignant fibrous
fibrosarcoma
67
benign bone
osteoma
68
malignant bone
osteosarcoma
69
benign smooth muscle
leiomyoma
70
malignant smooth muscle
leiomyosarcoma
71
benign striated muscle
rhabdomyoma
72
malignant striated muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma
73
malignant lymphoid
lymphomas
74
malignant plasma
multiple myeloma
75
benign glial tissue
gliomas
76
malignant glial tissue
glioblastima, astrocytoma
77
benign melanocytes
pigmented nevus
78
malignant melanocytes
melanoma
79
benign nerve sheath
neurofibroma
80
malignant nerve sheath
neurobibrosarcoma
81
benign gonadal tissue
teratoma
82
malignant gonadal tissue
teratocarcinoma

Hem/Onc (4 decks)

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