INTRO TO PARA Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
It is a branch of medical microbiology that deals with the study of eukaryotic unicellular and multicellular organisms and their medical significance in human communities.
A
parasitology
2
Q
Metazoans
A
multicellular (invertebrates)
3
Q
what is the example of metazoans
A
helminths (parasitic worms)
4
Q
Metazoans - multicellular (invertebrates) what kingdom?
A
Kingdom animalia
5
Q
Protozoans - Unicellular (microorganisms) what kingdom?
A
Kingdom protista
6
Q
Example of protozoans
A
histolytica amoeba
7
Q
Protozoans
A
unicellular (microorganisms)
8
Q
Is a branch of medicine which
deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions.
A
tropical medicine
9
Q
_________ is an illness, which is
indigenous to or endemic in a tropical area. Many
tropical diseases are parasitic diseases
A
tropical disease
10
Q
The Philippines is rich in parasites
especially in _______.
A
Mindanao
11
Q
2 major Organism in Biological
Relationship: ______&______
A
host and parasite
12
Q
_________ - Co-exist, survival of species-nourishment.
A
ecocystem
13
Q
A relationship in which 2 species live in
close association with one another
A
symbiosis
14
Q
what are the 3 types of symbiosis
A
parasitism
mutualism
commensalism
15
Q
A relationship between 2 organisms in
which both benefit from each other.
A
mutualism
16
Q
A relationship in which 1 organism
benefits from the association, but the host is neither helped nor harmed.
A
commensalism
17
Q
A relationship in which one organism
obtains its nutrition at the expense of another organism.
A
parasitism
18
Q
An organism that harbors and
provides sustenance for another organism
A
host
19
Q
An organism that obtains
its nourishment at the expense of another organism which it affects adversely but does not
immediately kill them.
A
parasite
20
Q
example of commensalism
A
remora fish
carabao and birds
21
Q
example of mutualism
A
termites and flagellates
22
Q
what are the general types of parasites
A
according to habitat
according to its relationship with the host
23
Q
Parasites that live outside of the host’s body. (infestation)
A
ectoparasite
24
Q
Parasites that live inside the host’s body. (infection)
A
endoparasite
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Parasites that take up
permanent residence in a host and are
completely dependent upon them
obligate
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Parasites that are not
normally parasitic (free) but can become
when they accidentally enter the host.
facultative
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example of obligate parasite
ascaris lumbricoides
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example of facultative parasite
s. stercoralis
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Parasite is free living during part of its existence and seeks its host to obtain nourishment
Intemittent/temporary
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example of intermittent
parasite that infect mosquitoes (IH) then the moment parasite infect mosquito they become intermittent because the mosquito is needed for
their development.
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in the absence of mosquito they cannot mature
intermittent/temporary
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T OR F : only males are infected with malaria parasite
false
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Is one that establishes itself
in a host in which it does not ordinarily
live.
incidental
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example of incidental
anisakis
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Parasite that remains on or
in the body of the host from early life until maturity, sometimes for its entire life.
permanent
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Artifacts mistaken as
parasites, such as pollen, hairs
psuedoparasite
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2 THINGS THAT PARASITES DO WHEN INSIDE THE HOST’S BODY:
1. Consume the nutrients absorbed from the ingested food
2. Reproduce; they lay their eggs by thousands.
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general types of host
definitive
intermidiate
paratenic/transport
reservoir
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Is one in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity or reproduction. (harbors the adult stage of the parasite)
definitve host
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Is one that is required for parasite
development, but does not reach sexual
maturity. (asexual/larval stage)
intermediate host
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Is one in which the parasite does not
undergo any development, but remains
alive and infective to another host.
paratenic/transport host
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Any organisms that harbors an infection
that can be transmitted to humans.
reservoir host
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example of definitive host
humans
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example of intermediate host
snails, fish
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example of paratenic/transport host
prawns, aquatic plants
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example of reservoir host
rodents, insects
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2 WAYS INSECTS CAN TRANSMIT PARASITIC INFECTION
mechanical
biologic
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Organism attaches itself on the
host’s body/appendages.
mechanical
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insects bites the host
biologic
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Is the scientific study that presents the pattern of disease in a given community and the study of those factors influencing its presence or absence.
epidemiology
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Is the number of new cases of disease
per block of population in a specific time
period. (Sickness/Illness rate)
incidence and morbidity rate
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Is the number of cases of disease in
existence at any given time in that
population.
prevalence
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Is the ratio number of people who died of a particular disease during a specified
period per a specified population. (death
rate)
mortality rate
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CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE ACCORDING TO THE MANNER IN WHICH THEY ARE TRANSMITTED IN A GIVEN
POPULATION OR COMMUNITY
sporadic
endemic
epidemic
pandemic
zoonotic
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A disease that occurs occasionally in a
community or population of a particular
geographic area.
sporadic
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A disease that is always present to
greater or lesser degree within the
population or community of a particular
geographic area
endemic
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A disease that attacks a larger number of
persons in a community within a
relatively short period of time.
epidemic
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A disease that becomes an epidemic in a
great number of countries at the same
time.
pandemic
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Infectious diseases that humans acquire
from animal sources. (Zoonis)
zoonotic
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Globally, an estimated _________people were infected with hookworm
438.9 million
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In 2010, _______ with A. lumbricoides.
819.0 million
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_______ with T. trichiura
464.6 million
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Most people lived with disability attributable to STH,
__% were attributable to hookworm, __% to A. lumbricoides and the remaining __% to T. trichiura.
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22
13
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The vast majority of STH infections ______ occurred in Asia.
(67%) (68%
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WHO-2013 states that there were estimated _______ new cases of parasitosis. Resulting in ______deaths, 90% of deaths occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa. Over 90% of deaths are children under the age of five
207 million
627,000
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Protozoan infection such as __________________ caused an
estimated 60 million cases of childhood diarrhea
Giardia,
Cryptosporidium,
Entamoeba
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_______ problems and symptoms occurs in 100% of individuals
Abdominopelvic
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genral type of disease
communicable
non communicable
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Is one whose causative agent is directly
or indirectly transmitted from host to
host
communicable
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- is a disease that
is easily spread directly from
person to person.
contagious
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Is one whose causative agent either
normally inhabits the body. Only
occasionally producing disease or
residing outside it, producing a disease
only when introduced into the body.
(wound or injury)
non communicable
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A pattern by which the events that occur during transmission can be traced.
chain of infection
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chain of infection
infectious agent
reservoir host
portal of exit
mode of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host
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most do not experience the signs and symptoms of disease
reservoir host
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If any part of the chain is broken,
the spread of infection can be
stopped/controlled.
susceptible host
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present in the environment
infectious agent
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mode of transmission
direct contact
indirect contact
animal transmission
insect carriers
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Refers to the spread of infection from
person to person or from lower animals
to humans. ( enters through an opening
or orifice
direct contact
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sexual contact
Trichomonas
vaginalis, STI/STD
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3 forms of sexual contact
vaginal
anal
oral
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is usually
seen in heterosexual
individuals
T. vaginalis
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_________ can
acquire amoeba via anal
sex.
Homosexuals
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blood transfusion
Malaria,babesia spp., hepatitis, HIV, SY
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placenta transmission
toxoplasmosis, SY, Hepatitis, HIV
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aerosols
suspended in the air due to
talking, laughing, sneezing,
coughing. TB, Measles,
Diphtheria
droplet infection
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Refers to the spread of causative agents (infection/infestation) by conveyors. (mouth)
indirect contact
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examples of indirect contact
- Contaminated Food
- Air/dust
- Contaminated fingers
- Fomites -
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Direct contacts with animals
animal transmission
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Transmit infection through
MECHANICAL/BIOLOGICAL means
insect carriers
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CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF AMOEBA: 2 LIFE
CYCLES
trophozoite
cystic
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Free living state; feeding stage
trophozoite
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when the environment is not conducive for
growth and survival, they become dormant.
cystic
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portal of entry
mouth
skin
gut
transparental
transmammary
intranasal
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portal of exit
stool/fecal material
urine
blood
sputum
biopsy
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where parasite ova is found
stool/fecal material
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blood
plasmodium(malaria)
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sputum
paragonimus westermani
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biopsy
Muscle - Trichinella spiralis (pork), Taeniasolium (pork) & saginata.
- Rectal - amoeba
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4 periods of infection
incubation period
period of illness
prodormal period
convalescent period
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period of time between the
entry and the onset of symptoms
incubation period
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Period of weakness
prodormal period
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the time during which the
patient experiences the typical symptoms
associated with the particular disease.
period of illness
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period of recovery
convalescent period
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FACTORS THAT PROMOTES PARASITIC INFECTIONS
● Source of infection
● Mode of transmission
● Susceptible Host
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susceptible host
age, nutritional status,
heredity, stress, socio-economic status.
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undergo development in
the soil to reach the infective stage
Soil transmitted
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undergoes development in IH to reach their infective stage
IH (INTERMEDIATE HOST) TRANSMITTED
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undergo development in the insect to reach their infective stage
arthropod transmitted
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undergo further
development in animals to reach their infective
stage
food transmitted
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infecting one's self
auto infection
111
no further stage of
development required
contact transmitted
112
The science of classification of living organisms.
(names)
taxonomy
113
- arrangement of organisms into
taxonomic groups (TAXA) on the basis of similarities and relationship
classification
114
assignment of names to
various “TAXA” according to international rules.
nomenclature
115
A renowned plant ecologist and the first to propose the 5
kingdom taxonomic classification of the world’s biota in
1969.
robert harding whittaker
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what are the 5 kingdom taxonomic
plants
animals
fungi
protists
monera
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do not have a kingdom froup
viruses
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classification arrangement
K, D/P, C, O/Sub-O, F, G,S
(Kingdom, Class, Order, Genus, Species)
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GENUS
first letter capital
120
specie
first name first letter, second name small letters
