Phylum Nematoda Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
most abundant animal on earth
A
Roundworms
2
Q
male and female worm
A
Dioecious
3
Q
True or False : male is longer than female worm
A
False
4
Q
Round worms are __________,_________ and _________.
A
Free living in soil, marine and freshwater habitat
5
Q
How many species does roundworms has?
A
500,000
6
Q
Nonsegmented, cylindrical, tapered at both ends
A
Roundworms
7
Q
BODY COVERING: cuticle with longitudinal muscles
A
Roundworms
8
Q
BODY CAVITY: (pseudocoel)
A
complete digestive tract with both oral and anal openings.
9
Q
Roundworms: Mouth is provided with
A
spines, hooks, cutting plates, stylets, or other structures for attachment or penetration of tissue
10
Q
Roundworms : Reproductive organs are
A
are tubular and lie coiled in the body cavity.
11
Q
Roundworms fertilization is __________
A
Internal
12
Q
In male roundworm they have _________ for copulation.
A
Chitinized spicules
13
Q
Separate classes of nematodes
A
Aphasmidea
Phasmidea
14
Q
Papillae:
A
Sensory hairs at the head and tail
15
Q
_________:________ end (amphids),
posterior end caudal (_______) nerve endings
that act as chemoreceptors.
A
Sensory organs
Anterior end caudal
Phasmids
16
Q
Life cycle:
A
Egg stage
Larval stage
Adult age
17
Q
Adult females:
A
Oviparous
Vivaparous
Parthenogenetic
18
Q
Aphasmids
A
Trichinella spiralis
Trichuris trichiura
Capillaria philippinensis
19
Q
Phasmids
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworms
Enterobius vermicularis
Filarial worms
20
Q
Habitat: small intestine
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworms
Capillaria philippinensis
Trichinella spiralis
21
Q
Habitat: large intestine
A
Trichuris trichiura
Enterobius vermicularis
22
Q
Habitat: Tissue nematodes
A
Trichinella spiralis
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Onchocerca volvulus
Loa loa
Dirofilaria immitis Gnathostoma spinigerum
23
Q
Habitat: larva migrans
A
Dracunculus medinensis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma braziliense
24
Q
lays eggs, often excreted outside the host through the stool
A
Oviparous
25
Example of oviparous
Ascaris
Trichuris
26
forms eggs within the parasite,
then births larvae instead of eggs within the host
Viviparous/Larviparous
27
Example of viviparous
Plasmodium
28
can produce an offspring without the male
Parthenogenetic
29
Example of parthenogenetic
Strongyloides
30
Psuedocel
Complete digestive tract with both oral and anal opeings
31
Parasite of the carnivorous mammals
Trichinella spiralis
32
Smallest nematode parasite of humans
Trichinella spiralis
33
Trichina worms is
Minute and threadlike
34
Trichinella is common in _______, ________ and _______
Rats, Swine fed with uncooked garbage, slaughterhouse scraps
35
Trichinella occur ________
Worldwide or cosmopolitan
36
Trichinella spiralis occurs in areas where __________
garbage containing pork scraps is fed to hogs
37
______ has the highest incidence report of trichinella spiralis
China
38
Genral characterisitcs of trichinella spiralis
Viviparous
39
These countries als reprted incidence rate of trichinella spiralis
France
Yugoslavia
Italy
Spain
Middle east
Africa
40
Infective stage of trchinella spiralis
Larva
41
Size of male adult worm
less than 2mm long (1.4-1.6mm x 40-60 μm)
42
_______ is found at caudal end which is evertible during coitus. → It is guarded by 2 conspicuous
______ which clasp
the female during copulation
Cloaca
conical papillae
43
In trichinella s male adult worm ______ is absent
Spicule
44
Trichinella spiralis posterior end is ________
Curved ventral
45
Sze of trichinella s female adult worm
less than 5mm (3-4mm x 60-80 μm)
46
______ opens at the anterior fifth of the body
Vulva
47
Single______ which contain the larva
Single_______ found near the posterior end. (caudal)
Uterus
Ovary
48
Size of the larva of trichinella spiralis
80-120μm x 5-6μm (100x6μm)
49
Larva excyst after the cyst are digested and
penetrate the im- develop to adult _______
(30-40 HRS)
50
diseases of trichinella spiralis
trichinosis
trcihiniasis
trichinellasis
51
MOT of trichinella spiralis
ingestion of carcasses with encysted larva (infected stage)
52
diagnostic test of trichinella spiralis
skeletal muscle biopsy
serologic test
53
Treatment for trichinella spiralis
● Mebendazole
● Thiabendazole
● Albendazole
● Prednisone
54
prevention and care for trichinella spiralis
Cook meat properly
Maintain proper sanitation
Education - public
55
clinical features of trichinella spiralis
1. Mild to moderately severe symptoms within 2-7 days after ingestion.
→ gastroenteritis, diarrhea with or without abdominal pain for several weeks, weakness
2. Fever and eosinophilia, leukocytosis is common but not always present
3. Clinical sign – circumorbital edema(eyelids) appear on the 7th day
→ photophobia, diplopia, and other visual disturbances.
4. Vasculitis – splinter hemorrhages underneath the nails.
5. Muscle pain – (myalgia) sensitive to pressure
6. CNS involvement-psychosis, meningoencephalitis, cva, brain tumor
7. Myocarditis, pneumonitis
56
trichuris trichuria appearance is like a
whipworm
57
Trichuris trichuria:
-ANTERIOR 3/5 is very _________ houses the
esophagus.
-POSTERIOR 2/5 is thick and stout resembling the handle of a whip which houses the __________________
-thin and hair-like,
-intestine and reproductive organs
58
world wide distribution nematodes
ascaris l
trichuris trichuria
trichinella spiralis
59
Worldwide distribution (cosmopolitan) but common in tropical countries and in regions where sanitation is poor
trichuris trichuria
60
what is the Prevalence rate of trichuris trichuria in asia?
50-80%.
61
infective stage of trchuris trichuria
ova
62
what is the adult life span of male adult worm in trichuris?
1 year
63
the female adult worm of trichuris produces ______ eggs daily
3,000-20,000
64
what is the shape of the ova of the trichuris
Barrel – football-shaped in feces
65
the ova is similar to hookworm
strongyloides
66
color of the ova of trichuris
golden brown
67
Intralaminar (refractile) prominences usually
referred to as ______ at either end.
polar plugs
68
3 shells of trichuris
1. chorionic layer,
2. albuminous layer,
3. bile-stained layer
69
trichuris requires _____ weeks in soil to mature
3
70
whatis the disease off trichuris
trichuriasis
71
clinical feature of trichuris
1. Asymptomatic-light infection
2. Abdominal pain, distension, appendicitis
3. Bloody or mucoid diarrhea
4. Tenesmus (distressing urge to evacuate), weight loss and weakness - heavy infection
5. Rectal prolapse (edematous rectum)
6. Moderate eosinophilia
7. Nutritional deficiency - stunted growth
72
diagnostic test for trichuris
DFS - Direct Fecal Smear
Kato-Katz
FECT (Formalin-Ether Concentration Test)
73
treatment of trichuris
● Mebendazole
● Albendazole
● Piperazine citrate
● Pyrantel pamoate
● Loperamide hydrochloride
(Imodium)
74
prevention and care of trichuris
Proper hygiene - hand washing
Proper sanitation - disposal of feces
Avoid using fecal matter as fertilizer
Education - public
75
circumorbital edema(eyelids) appear on the ____
7th day
76
edematous rectum
rectal prolapse
77
It was first recognixed in the philippines during ___
capillaria philippinensis
1963
78
first patient is located at _____
bacarra, ilocos norte
79
reservior host of the capillaria
migratory birds
80
intermediate host of capillaria
fish
81
___ - epidemic of capillaria in __________. where ____ became ill and ___ died
-1967
-pudoc, west tagudin, ilocos sur
-1,300
-90
82
in capillaria adult worms are usually ______
slender anteriorly and stout posteriorly but tapering is gradual and less pronounced.
83
capillaria occurs also in ?
philippines
egypt
taiwan
japan
iran
columbia
korea
84
capillaria occurs also in ?
philippines
egypt
taiwan
japan
iran
columbia
korea
85
it contributes to the transmission in capillaria
freshwater fish are eaten raw
86
hepatic capillariases
c. hepatica
87
c.aerophilia
pulmonary capillariasis
88
what is the copulatory organ of male adult worm of capillaria
spicule
89
Spicule protrudes through a
refractile penial sheath which has a bulbous termination covered with small recurved spines.
male adult worm (capillaria)
90
2 types of female adult worm of capillaria
larviparous
oviparous
91
(population build up)
▪ will repopulate species inside the host
larviparous
92
(infection)
▪ will repopulate outside the host
oviparous
93
shell is thick with striations hence peanut shape.
c. philippinesis
94
Similar to trichuris egg but smaller and more oval in shape with ______ but are NOT protuberant
ova of capillaria p.
bipolar mucous plugs
95
disease of c. philippinesis
instestinal capillariasis
96
clincial features of c. philippinensis
1. Abdominal pain
2. Borborygmi
→ gurgling of the stomach
3. Loss of wieght
4. Vomiting
5. Edema
6. Hypoproteinemia
→ malabsorption due to destruction of intestinal wall
97
diagnostic test of capillaria
- Direct Fecal Smear - eggs are passed out in feces
- Identification of larva and worm in stool
98
treatment for cp
● Mebendazole
● Albendazole
● Fluid and electrolyte + high protein diet
99
prevention and care for cp
- Proper cooking of fresh water fish (IH)
- Proper sanitation and disposal of feces
100
_______ can be found in the _________________________ areas of the globe, under
conditions of poor sanitation and where feces are used for
fertilizers.
ascaris lumbricoides
temperate and tropical
101
ascaris also known as _______ tribute to its resemblance to earthworm
giant intestinal round worm
102
infective stage of ascaris
ova
103
diagnostic stage of ascaris
unfetilized and fertilized egg
104
in male adult worm of ascaris it has a terminal mouth with ___ lips w/a sensory papillae
3
105
male adult worm of ascaris have ventrally curved posterior end with ____
2 spicules
106
female adult worm of ascaris can lay _____ eggs/day
200,000
107
found only in the absence of male
unfertilized egg
108
true or false: unferlitized egg is more elongated than fertilized egg (ascaris)
true
109
fertilized can hatch the larva within ___
14 days
110
Outer albuminoid coating coarsely mamillated
which may be absent (decorticated)
fertilized
111
Thin shelled w/ mammillated irregular coat filled
with refractile granules
unfertilized
112
diseases of ascaris
-Ascariasis,
- Ascaris pneumonitis (Loeffler’s pneumonia/endocarditis/ syndrome),
- eosinophilic
pneumonia (parasitic infection)
113
MOT of ascaris
Ingestion of fertilized ova - Infective stage (ST)
114
clinical features of ascaris
1. Bowel obstruction or obstruction of other organs (appendix) in heavy infection
2. Asthma, pneumonitis - due to migration of the juvenile worm to the lungs
3. Cardiac damage - eosinophilic granular proteins (lysozymes)
4. Fever, malaise
5. Abdominal distension and tenderness, vomiting
115
diagnostic test of ascaris
● Direct Fecal Smear - eggs
● Kato-katz
● Recovery of worms in stool, sputum
● Radiographic images may also reveal their presence
116
treatment of ascaris
● Mebendazole
● Albendazole
● Pyrantel pamoate
● Piperazine citrate
117
prevention and care for ascaris
- Proper hygiene -handwashing
-Proper sanitation - disposal of feces
-Avoid using fecal matter as fertilizers
-Education - public
118
THREADWORM
strongyloides
119
Occurs in the tropical and subtropical areas of abundant rainfall. Loose sandy loam soil, ambient temperature.
strongyloides
120
strongyloides is not parsitic by nature but only an ______
accidental parasite
121
female adult worm of strongyloides has _____-
Free-living generation=male & female; parasitic generation=
parthenogenetic females
122
male worms of strongyloides is ____ from the body early in the infection
eliminated
123
definitive hosts of strongyloides
man
cat
dogs
other mammals
124
true or false: Prevalence rate is higher compared to hookworm infection.
false
125
infection may persist due to ____(strongyloides)
autoinfection
126
male adult worm of strongyloides
● 0.7mm x .04 mm
● Free-living
● Smaller than the females
● Ventrally curved tail with
2 copulatory spicules a
gubernaculum
● NO caudal alae (wings)
● Does not persist in the
host because they are
killed by female worm
that enters the host
127
free living female adult worm of strongyloides
● 1 mm x .06 mm
● Free-living; smaller than the parasitic
● Muscular double-bulbed esophagus
and the intestine is straight cylindrical
● Found in soil
128
female adult worm parasitic (strongyloides)
● 2.2 mm x .04 mm (longer)
● Colorless, semi-transparent, with
finely striated cuticle
● It has slender tapering anterior end
and a short conical pointed tail
● Short buccal cavity w/ long slender
esophagus that extends 1/4 of the
body, intestine is continuous to the
anus
● Vulva is located 1/3 the length of the
body from the posterior end
● The uteri contain a single file 8 to 12
thin shelled, transparent, segmented
ova
● Parthenogenetic
● Found in the host
129
2 types of larva in stongyloides
rhabditiform larva (1st stage)
filariform larva (2nd stage)
130
Similar to HW but smaller with a distinct cleft
(notched) at the tip of the tail
filariform larva
131
definitive host of strongyloides
humans
monkeys
132
disease of strongyloides
strongyloidiasis
133
MOT of strongyloides
Skin penetration (similar to hookworm)
134
clinical features of strongyloides
1. Lesions – intense itching at the site of penetration
2. Pneumonitis – migration of worm to the lungs; similar to ascaris because the young/luminal worm will
travel to the lungs
3. Moderate to severe diarrhea
4. Malabsorption syndrome with steatorrhea (feces with a lot of fat)
5. Malnutrition – worm prevents fat absorption
6. Ulcers – LGIT and UGIT – bleeding
7. Hyperinfection – AIDS or immunocompromised parts
8. Transmitted – mammary glands, organ transplant
135
diagnostic test of strongyloides
● Identification of larva in stool
● Sputum exam
● Direct Fecal Smear (DFS)
● Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique (FECT) – usually breaks the cell wall of ova
● Baermann technique (CH 14 pg. 407) – culture ova to hatch larva; larva will form filariform larvae and
identify the type of parasite
● Agar plate method
136
T/P/C of strongyloides
● Albendazole
● Ivermectin
Proper sanitation- disposal of feces
Avoid walking barefooted on soil
137
infective stage of strongyloides
larva and ova
138
Most common helminth parasite of the temperate regions but, common to tropics and sub tropics region
enterobius vermicularis
139
______ Found in families of _________ where
sanitation levels are relatively rigorous
enterobius vermicularis
high socioeconomic status
140
_______ spread is facilitated by crowded indoor living in
temperate climates- ______
enterobius vermicularis
orphanages, hospitals, sanitariums.
141
enterobius vermicularis also known as _______
pinworm
seatworm
oxyrius
142
_______ caused no disfiguring or debilitating effects
but, their presence is an embarrassment and irritation
pinworms
143
The ova is very light and can easily be transported in the
air
enterobius vermicularis
144
They are rarely seen because
they die after copulation
male adult worm of enterobius
145
● Females dies soon after oviposition
● More females than males in the host
female adult worm of eneterobius
146
Translucent shell consists of an Outer triple
albuminous layer (mechanical protection),
Inner lipoidal membrane (chemical protection)
ova of enterobius vermicularis
147
true or false: the ova of enterobius vermicularis live longest under conditions of fairly LOW humidity and moderate temperature
false (high)
148
Feature: Asymmetrical with one side flattened and the other convex similar to
letter P
OVA OF ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS
149
DISEASE OF ENTEROBIUS
● Enterobiasis
● Oxyuriasis
● Ova- infected stage-ingestion/ retroinfection
150
MOT of enterobius
ingestion of ova
151
clinical features of enterobius
1. Pruritus ani – migration of female worm to the anus during the resting state-itching; intense itchiness in
the anal area
2. Vaginal migration – causing irritation
3. Appendix, liver, lungs
4. Retrofection/ Autoinfection
152
● Cellophane tape swab – recovery of ova in the perianal region
● Usually performed before bowel movement or taking a bath
diagnostic test for eneterobius
153
treatment for enterobius
● Mebendazole
● Albendazole
● Pyrantel pamoate
154
prevention/care of enterobius
-Quarantine/ Tx for entire members of the family- disinfect
contaminated fomites(clothings, beddings, towels,etc.)
-Proper hygiene-washing of hands
-Education-family
