Intro To Patho

Question 1

Objective findings, as perceived by examiner

Answer 1

Signs

Question 2

Functional manifestation of the disease

Answer 2

Symptom

Question 3

Visible changes produced by the disease in the tissue or organ

Answer 3

Lesion

Question 4

Sudden worsening of the signs and symptoms during the course of a disease

Answer 4

Exacerbation

Question 5

Disease becomes less intense, but not cured

Answer 5

Remission

Question 6

Remote after effects of a disease

Answer 6

Sequelae

Question 7

Causes of disease: genetic, acquired, multi factorial, etc

Answer 7

Etiology

Question 8

Mechanisms of disease development - cellular, biochemical, and molecular events following exposure of cells/tissues to an injurious agent

Answer 8

PAthogenesis

Question 9

Structural alterations induced in the cells and organs: gross and microscopic

Answer 9

Morphological changes

Question 10

Functional consequences of the morphological changes

Answer 10

Clinical significance

Question 11

Sudden onset, or in a rapid course

Answer 11

Acute

Question 12

Slow onset & long duration or having a long course

Answer 12

Chronic

Question 13

Acute, fatal disease

Answer 13

Fulminating

Question 14

Disease with unknown cause

Answer 14

Idiopathic

Question 15

Caused by physician or medication

Answer 15

Iatrogenic

Question 16

Occurs during the course of another disease

Answer 16

Inter current

Question 17

Diseases caused by drugs which cross the placenta and the fetus

Answer 17

Teratogenic

Question 18

PAthology concerned with basic Rxn of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli that underlie

Answer 18

General pathology

Question 19

PAthology that describes specific responses of specialized organs and tissues to defined stimuli

Answer 19

Systemic pathology

Question 20

Well-circumscribed meaning

Answer 20

Restricted to one area

Defined boundaries

Question 21

Poorly circumscribed description

Answer 21

Not-restricted to area

Spread out

Question 22

Necrosis in a curved, snakelike formation

Answer 22

Serpentigious necrosis

Question 23

If a microscope slide shows cells with a high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, how would you describe the cells?

A. Proliferating
B. Necrotic
C. Apoptotic
D. Lymphocytes

Answer 23

A. Proliferating

Question 24

A Pap smear is considered what type of study?

Answer 24

Cytology - study of cells

Question 25

What type of microscopy is typically used for formalin fixed/H&E stained specimen? A. TEM B. Dark field microscopy C. Light microscopy D. Confocal microscopy

Answer 25

C. Light microscopy

Question 26

What is the Periodic acid shift stain used to stain? (Hint: can give insight into kidney filtration) A. Nuclei B. Basement membrane C. Astrocytes D. Cytoplasm

Answer 26

B. Basement membrane

Question 27

What stain is used to visualize the brain? Typically used to ID neurofibrillary tangles and sensible plaques in Alzheimer's disease? A. PAS stain B. H&E stain C. Actin stain D. Silver stain

Answer 27

D. Silver stain

Question 28

Cytoskeleton location analysis is used to visualize: A. Cytoplasm B. Nuclei C. Cell membrane D. ER

Answer 28

C. Cell membrane

Question 29

Immunohistochemistry involves:

Answer 29

At-Ab specific Rxn

Question 30

What stain can be used to ensure that a sample is smooth muscle?

Answer 30

Actin stain Smooth muscle is Actin (+)

Question 31

What type of test allows quantitative and qualitative analysis; measures particle's/cell's size, granularity, internal complexity, relative fluorescent intensity; and can help with the classification of WBCs by determining CD expression? It also involves fluorescent markers, laser beam, and then converts fluorescent lie emitted and converts light to a digital signal.

Answer 31

Flow cytometry

Question 32

3D images of living cell using laser beam focused on small areas of cell at a time all over cell

Answer 32

Confocal microscopy

Question 33

What is used to determine diameter, circumferences, area, volume, and morphology of nuclei?

Answer 33

Image analysis

Question 34

What technique is used to amplify DNA and so that it can then by analyzed using electrophoresis?

Answer 34

PCR

Question 35

Technique used that utilizes "micro-reactors" that can sense specific analyze such as protein, enzyme, or Ab. Can perform thousands of biological rxns in seconds. A. Biochip technique B. PCR C. DNA sequencing D. Electrophoresis

Answer 35

A. Biochip

Question 36

Deterring disease by examining cells and tissues from the body?

Answer 36

Pathological diagnosis

Question 37

IDing diseases from patient's history and physical examination

Answer 37

Clinical diagnosis

Question 38

IDing diseases by images of the body

Answer 38

Radiologic diagnosis

Question 39

VINDICATE acronym

Answer 39

``` Vascular Infectious, inflammatory Neoplastic Degenerative Idiopathic, Intoxication, Iatrogenic Congenital, genetic Autoimmune, allergies Trauma, toxins Endocrine ```

Question 40

Etiological factors that include: ``` Physical agents - radiation, trauma, thermal Chemical - chemicals, toxins, poison Nutritional defic Nutritional excess Infections Abnormal immunological manifestations Psych factors ```

Answer 40

Environmental factors

Question 41

Factors of etiology that include: Abnormal genes Mutations

Answer 41

Genetic factors

Question 42

Predisposing factors of disease that include: ``` Age Sex Environment Race Climate Habits Socioeconomic ```

Answer 42

Indirect factors