Intro to Pathology Flashcards

(35 cards)

1
Q

Pathology

A

Study of suffering

- structural and functional things that go wrong and cause disease

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2
Q

4 aspects of disease

A
  1. Etiology
  2. Pathogenesis
  3. Morphological change
  4. Clinical significance
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3
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of the disease ; origin

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4
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The mechanism of development and progression of disease

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5
Q

Morphologic Change

A

Structural alterations induced first in the cells and then the organs
- have to see lots of death/sick cells before we see changes in organ

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6
Q

Clinical significance

A

Functional consequences of the morphologic changes

  • what are the symptoms
  • how are they affecting the patient
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7
Q

Idiopathic

A

We don’t know the cause of the disease

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8
Q

Cell injury

A

All disease starts out by this
Caused by injuries stimulus

When toxin is not removed can go to cell injury and go past adaptation

Cell injury can be reversible [when stressor is removed]

If persists [ then injury is irreversible -> cell dies]

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9
Q

Adaptation

A

All cells are put through some sort of stress
Ie. By eating things we shouldn’t, drink things we shouldn’t, medications etc.

So they adapt to that stress and when that toxin is removed go back to homeostatic normal cell

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10
Q

Apoptosis

A

= cell- suicide

Pre-programmed cell death

Occurs in some cells if they encounter a particular stimulus]

  • can be triggered via intrinsic or extrinsic pathway [activate caspases]
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11
Q

Also a time frame in which injury goes through different phases

A

Ex. Heart - cardiac ischemia
[limited blood flow to heart - not getting enough oxygen
Cell function declines as they become more na more injured

  • at some point reach point of no return
    Reversible -> irreversible injury that cell will die.
  • as injury increases , more and more cell death
  • as more and more cell dies- see ultra structural changes in heart [ cant see with naked eye, but with microscope]
  • then can see at light microscopic level
  • as we get to enough cells dying, then can see gross morphologic changes
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12
Q

Gross morphologic changes

A

Those that you can see with your naked eye

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13
Q

Hypoxia

A

Oxygen deprivation

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14
Q

4 cell symptoms that are vulnerable to injurious stimuli

A

Cell membrane : if breached, torn - then thrown off ionic balance [between intracellular and extracellular] -{mitochondria, lysosomes]
- cytoskeletal Damage can lead to this

Atp generation via mitochondrial aerobic respiration

Protein synthesis

Integrity of genetic machinery

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15
Q

Loss of calcium

A

Tight regular Intracellular vs, extracellular balance
- messes with cell membrane integrity

Muscle contraction is altered

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16
Q

ATP depletion and ATP synthesis

A

Associated with ischemia , hypoxia, and chemical injury [chemicals toxic to mitochondria]

Ie. Lack of oxygen delivery

17
Q

Ischemia

A

Low blood leading to hypoxia

18
Q

Mitochondria dysfunction

A

Can lead to necrosis
- increased cytoplasmic ca

  • oxidative stress [low o2]
  • decreased survival singles

Damage can be reversible in the early stages, but irreversible damage results in cell death via apoptosis and necrosis

19
Q

What can cause low atp levels

A

Mitochondria[leads to cell death] , plasma membrane [ leads to loss of cellular components]and lysosomal damage [enzymatic digestion of cellular components]

NOTE cytoskeletal damage can also lead to membrane damage

All eventually lead to necrosis

20
Q

Dna damage

A

Accumulation of misfolded proteins

  • cell can trigger apoptosis
21
Q

Hypoxia

22
Q

Physiologic adaptations

A

Cellular responses to normal stimulation by hormones, other endogenous chemicals, physical stresses or increased use

23
Q

Pathological adaptations

A

Occur in order to escape injury

- also can occur as a result of hormones, stresses, etc. to prevent injury

24
Q

Pathological and physiological response both involve

A
  1. Up or down regulation of specific cell receptors
  2. Induction of new protein synthesis by the target cell
  3. A switch from producing one specific Protein to a different one
25
Cellular adaptation to injury
Normal cells can adapt to increased stresses, suffer reversible injury, or under persistent insult they can be irreversibly damaged and die
26
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size - when a lot of cells are involved the whole tissue/ organ goes down in size - even though cells are smaller, they are not dead
27
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size -in pure hypertrophy, there re no new cells , but just bigger cells caused by an increase in the synthesis of structural proteins and organelles [skeletal muscle]
28
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number
29
Metaplasia
Change in cell type Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type - this occurs. With epithelial or mesenchymal cells
30
Causes of atrophy
Decreased workload Loss of innervation diminished blood supply Inadequate nutrition
31
Enlargement of uterus during pregnancy
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia occur at the same time
32
Necrosis
Cell homicide | - results from an insult
33
Necrosis features
Swelling (enlarged cell size) Pyknosis _> karyorrhexis __> karyolysis [nucleus] Disrupted plasma membrane Enzymatic digestion, cellular components may leak out of the cell Frequent adjacent inflammation Invariably pathological {irreversible cell injury}
34
Apoptosis features
Reduced cell size Nucleus fragments into nucleosome size fragments Plasma membrane is intact Cellular components are interact, but may be released in apoptotic bodies No adjacent inflammation Often physiological - meaning removing unwanted cells only. Can be pathologic after some forms of cell injury, especially DNA damage
35
Inflammation
Protective response intended to elimate the initial cause of injury as well as necrotic cells and tissues associated with injury Associated with the repair process that replaces the damaged tissue It is beneficial and a necessary response to injury, but it can also be harmful