intro to pathophys (325E1) Flashcards by Stef Sis

pharmacology

the study of the biological effect of drugs that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pharmacokinetics

what happens to drugs in the body (has 4 components)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pharmacodynamics

what the drugs do in the body and their mechanism of action (how do they get in -> what they do during -> how they get out)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chemical name

a long and complex name usually used in the beginning of research (ex: N-acetyl-para-aminopheol)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Generic name

what we will be tested on official name of drug, only 1 generic name, all lower cased (ex: acetaminophen)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

trade name

brand name given by pharmaceutical companies, it is easier to remember & pronounce and it is Upper cased (ex: Tylenol)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prototype

the first drug of a new medication and it represents the class new drugs within the same class will be tested against it (ex: cvs brand Tylenol was compared to the OG tylenol)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

therapeutic effects

the intended effect of the drug that we want to happen (ex: take Tylenol to reduce fever & fever reduces)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

side effects

unintended effects that are unavoidable (ex: Tylenol will cause a stomach ache)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

adverse effects

unexpected and dangerous reactions (used interchangeably with w/ side effects in this class)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

allergic reaction

unexpected and dangerous reaction caused by an immune system response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

toxicities

harmful effects based on the level of the drug in the system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what do we need to know with each medication

name (generic), classification (beta blocker or ace inhibitor), mechanism of action, indications (Tylenol for pain), common/serious side effects, contraindications (ppl w/ liver failure can’t have Tylenol), nursing indications (what should the nurse be worried about)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what organization approves medications

food and drug administration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

preclinical trails

tested on lab animals for therapeutic and adverse effects

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

phase I studies

human volunteers are used to test the drug (the people are healthy)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

phase II studies

drug is tried on patients who have the disease that the drug is designed to treat (give new bp med to person w/ abnormal BP)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

phase IV studies

continued evaluation by the FDA (no longer need signed consent but can still add precautions)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Controlled substances: schedule 1

not approved for medical use, there is no reason to ever prescribe it bc they have no therapeutic effects (ex: heroin, LSD)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Controlled substances: schedule 2

used medically but high potential for abuse, no automatic refills (ex: opioids/narcotics, amphetamines aka oxy, hydromorphone, oxy cotton)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Controlled substances: schedule 3

used medically and less potential for abuse but still a risk (ex: non barbiturate sedatives, non amphetamines, stimulants, lortab, vicodin)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Controlled substances: schedule 4

some potential for abuse but not very likely, tend to be sedatives and anti anxiety meds (xanax, valium, ambien)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Controlled substances: schedule 5

low potential for abuse, meds that contain small amounts of certain narcotics or stimulants, usually antitussives (cough suppressants w/ codeine, ephendrine containing meds)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what schedule are narcotics

schedule 2 -> no auto refills watch closely

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many classes of over the counter meds and what do they include

80 ; antihistamines, sleep aids, analgesics, antacids, laxatives

what is the qualification for a drug to be classified as over the courter and then sold

"consumers must be able to diagnose own condition and monitor effectiveness easily" , meds are low risk for side effects & abuse (no medical background needed to understand med function

why are some OTC meds only sold by the pharmacy

due to abuse possibility (ex: can use sudafed to make meth)

what claims can be used for dietary and herbal supplements

affect on body structure or function (cannot say they treat anything, they do not have to give a MOA and they don't have to say how it works)

what claims cannot be used for dietary and herbal supplements

used for a medical condition (ex: st.john's wort affects emotions balance is allowed but it cannot say treats depression)

are dietary and herbal supplements monitored for the FDA

what are the possibly adverse interactions between drugs and herbal products

increase the toxicity of prescription meds or decrease prescription meds therapeutic effect

nursing teaching points for dietary and herbal supplements

when getting a medication history always ask specifically about other medications, supplements, OTC meds, herbals, vitamins, etc

teratogens

substances that can cause congenital malformations in developing fetuses

examples of teratogens

alcohol, marijuana, nicotine, certain drugs

teratogens: category A

safe for fetus (ex: acetaminophen)

teratogens: category B

usually safe but need to double check bc they lack studies to show benefit/risk

teratogens: category C

no studies on humans but animal studies show possible risk so need to consult OB

teratogens: category D

drugs that have possible risk to the fetus (if prescribed there needs to be a huge benefit to mother, OB weighs costs and benefits)

teratogens: category X

drugs that have known risk that cannot be outweighed by possible benefit, pt usually have to be on bc to take (ex: thalidomine, chemo, **istretinoin/retin A** aka accutane)

pharmacogenomics

the study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs; combines pharmacology & genomics to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a person's genetic make up

future outcomes of pharmacogenomics

better drugs w/ less adverse effects, pain control w/o abuse potential, cancer meds that work quicker w/ less side effects

pathophysiology

the study of disease and injury and how it affects the body

pathology

laboratory study of cells and tissues (what is the abnormal processes occurring that is causing disruption in our body)

patho is the prefix for what

abnormal

hemo is the prefix for what

blood

stasis is the suffix of what

balance or stability

disruption of homeostasis

caused by disease or injury; can be physical (heart disease), mental (depression), social (autism)

how is homeostasis shown in the body?

normal pH, temp and VS (the body and organs are functioning best)

causes of disease: intrinsic

comes from inside the body so over or under production of hormone or auto immune disease (ex: insulin in diabetes, MS, Crohns )

causes of disease: extrinsic

comes from outside the body so bacteria (staph A which causes strep) or viruses

what three things are need for a disease to occur (think the venn diagram)

susceptible host, conductive environment, and a pathogen

factors of intrinsic diseases

genes, immunity, age, gender

factors of extrinsic diseases

bacteria, viruses, injury, behaviors, stressors, fungi

what type of data are signs

objective

what type of data are symptoms

subjective

what is the process of disease (POD)

identification occurence diagnosis etiology prognosis

POD: identification

signs & and symptoms

POD: occurrence

how often and when (is it expected? ex: pt comes in w/ fever, chills and n/v in November then it is most likely the flu but these symptoms in June are not expected)

POD: diagnosis

identification (labeling the disease as what it is)

POD: etiology

cause of disease (what lead to the disease)

POD: prognosis

likelihood of recovery (back to baseline health, acute or chronic)

what are the stages of disease (SOD)

exposure onset remission convalescence

SOD: exposure

where did it come from

SOD: onset

sudden? insidious (slow & gradual, more common w/ chronic disease )? latent (not active but lies and waits)? prodromal (the symptoms before the disease so chills before you get sick w/ the flu)? manifestations (S/s)?

SOD: remission

disease is no longer active

SOD: convalescence

recovering from disease, getting back to baseline **Important to talk to the pt about how they are feeling**

types of disease (TOD)

**causes** Idiopathic Iatrogenic Exacerbation

TOD: idiopathic

it is **unknown** what caused it (we might have ideas or theories)

TOD: iatrogenic

a medical cause from some treatment (ex: pressure ulcers, c. diff, med errors)

TOD: exacerbation

"worsening of disease" acute decline in a person's chronic disease (ex: asthma getting worsew/ an attack)

hypo

low, under, below

hyper

high, above, over

__penia

lack of, deficiency

__cytosis

refers to cell, increase

__osis

process or condition, production or increase, invasion or infection

__itis

inflammation

__pathy

disease or suffering

how do we diagnosis diseases

common symptoms; know what symptoms are common with certain disease but then also dive into the details of the symptom (ex: if you have a cough describe it fully)