Intro to Pharmacology

Question 1

How can drugs affect PT

Answer 1

• Hindering therapy (decrease exercise tolerance)
• Facilitating therapy (decrease pain or attention )
• Contributes to pt safety

Question 2

what is a schedule 1 drug classification definition

Answer 2

Drugs that are not currently accepted in medical use and have the highest potential for abuse

Question 3

what is a schedule 2 drug classification definition

Answer 3

drugs that are accepted for medical use however they tend to have a high potential for abuse

Question 4

what is a schedule 3 drug classification definition

Answer 4

Moderate or lower abuse potential then schedule 2 drugs

Question 5

what is a schedule 4 drug classification definition

Answer 5

Lower abuse potential then schedule 3 drugs

Question 6

what is a schedule 5 drug classification definition

Answer 6

the lowest abuse potential

Question 7

what is an example of a schedule 1 drug classification

Answer 7

weed

Question 8

what is an example of a schedule 2 drug classification

Answer 8

Fentanyl

Question 9

what is an example of a schedule 3 drug classification

Answer 9

Ketamine

Question 10

what is an example of a schedule 4 drug classification

Answer 10

Lorazepam

Question 11

what is an example of a schedule 5 drug classification

Answer 11

Pregabalin

Question 12

what are examples of natural sources of drugs

Answer 12

plants, animals, marine organisms, minerals, microorganisms

Question 13

what are examples of chemical sources of drugs

Answer 13

Semi-synthetic and Fully synthetic

Question 14

what are examples of biotechnological sources of drugs

Answer 14

monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins , gene therapy

Question 15

when is it safe to substitute generic Ds for Brand name

Answer 15

it has the same type and amount of active ingredients, same pharmacokinetic profile, same administration route, and same therapeutic effects

Question 16

what is off label prescribing

Answer 16

using a drug to treat a condition that it is was not originally approved to treat. Ex: anti-seizure medication (gabapentin) for chronic pain

Question 17

what is pharmacokinetics (PK)

Answer 17

“what the body does to the drug”; the movement of the drug through the body (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)

Question 18

what is pharmacodynamics (PD)

Answer 18

” what the drug does to the body” ; how the drug effects the body. Cellular and systemic effects of the drug.

Question 19

Toxicology

Answer 19

the study of the toxic effect of medication

Question 20

what is pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 20

the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug

Question 21

what is the main organ for metabolism of a drug

Answer 21

the liver

Question 22

what is the main organ for excretion of a drug

Answer 22

the kidneys

Question 23

what is the bioavailability of a drug

Answer 23

the amount that the drug can gain access to the systemic circuit through absorption. the percentage of blood that enters the blood stream.

Question 24

what are some things that can impact absorption

Answer 24

• Stomach acidity
• Gastric emptying
• Surface Area
• GI enzymes
• Developmental changes

Question 25

what is one way to achieve 100% bioavailability?

Answer 25

through IV administering of the medication

Question 26

what is passive diffusion

Answer 26

the movement of molecules through the concentration gradient. Usually smaller molecules

Question 27

what is active transport

Answer 27

the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient. Uses ATP

Question 28

what does bioavailability/ absorption depend on

Answer 28

- the route of administration - the drugs ability to cross membrane barriers

Question 29

what are some things that can impact drug distribution?

Answer 29

- tissue permeability - blood flow - binding to plasma proteins - binding to sub cellular components

Question 30

what are the tissues that drugs can be stored in?

Answer 30

- adipose - bone - muscle - bones

Question 31

what is the definition of volume of distribution (Vd)

Answer 31

ratio expressing the amount of drug administered divided by the concentration of drug in plasma.

Question 32

what does the increase in drug bond to plasma proteins or subcellular components due

Answer 32

decrease the volume of distribution

Question 33

what are the 2 mechanisms of filtration

Answer 33

- glomerular filtration - tubular secretion

Question 34

what are the family of enzymes in the liver that are responsible for biotransformation?

Answer 34

Cytochrome P450 (CYP)

Question 35

what does CYP-inhibition (Valproic acid Fluoxetine) do

Answer 35

decrease the metabolism of a drug and lead to toxicity

Question 36

what does CYP-inductions (Rifampin Carbamazepine) do

Answer 36

increase the metabolism of a drug

Question 37

what is phase 1 of drug metabolism

Answer 37

oxidation reduction (breakdown of the molecule) using CYP450

Question 38

what kind of drugs are reabsorbed in the kidney?

Answer 38

lipid soluble drugs

Question 39

what is phase 2 of drug metabolism

Answer 39

make the molecule more water soluble

Question 40

what is the definition of drug clearance

Answer 40

the ability of all organs and tissues to eliminate the drug or the ability of a single organ or tissue to eliminate the drug

Question 41

what is the definition of drug half life

Answer 41

the amount of time required for 50% of the drug remaining in the body to be eliminated

Question 42

what are some things that can impact the bodies response to drugs

Answer 42

- genetics - disease especially liver or kidneys - age - diet - gender - drug interactions

Question 43

drug absorption in infants

Answer 43

- less acidic stomachs (increases bioavailability of acid labile drugs) - delayed gastric emptying (increases time to reach therapeutic concentrations) - larger relative skin surface area - thinner stratum corneum (increased absorption of topicals)

Question 44

drug metabolism in infants

Answer 44

hepatic enzyme activity 50-70% of adults

Question 45

drug excretion in infants

Answer 45

glomerular filtration and tubular secretion decreased

Question 46

drug absorption in elderly

Answer 46

- increased gastric pH versus adult - delayed gastric emptying

Question 47

drug distribution in elderly

Answer 47

- increase adipose tissue - decreased serum albumin binding

Question 48

drug excretion in elderly

Answer 48

decreased glomerular filtration and tubular secretion

Question 49

what is the therapeutic window

Answer 49

the area/ dosage between the minimal effective dose and the dose of adverse response/toxicity

Question 50

Median Effective Dose (E50)

Answer 50

the dose at which 50% of the population responds to the drug in a specific manner

Question 51

median toxic dose (T50)

Answer 51

the dose at which 50% of the group exhibits the adverse reaction

Question 52

median lethal dose (L50)

Answer 52

dose that causes death in 50% of the group

Question 53

what is the equation for therapeutic index (TI)

Answer 53

TI = TD50/ED50

Question 54

what is the definition of Therapeutic Index (TI)

Answer 54

an indicator of the drugs safety. The greater the Ti the safer the drug is