Intro to Psych Exam #2 Flashcards

Question

insecure-anxious

Answer 1

overly obsessed with where caregiver is | clingy, can't be soothed

Answer 2

can't depend on caregiver to be around | fend for themselves

Answer 3

from our parent

Answer 4

refers to an emotional tie to another person we need connection to learn we need a physical sensation to create attachment when you hold a baby, its HR will slow and match yours

Answer 5

body contact secure base -somewhere to run to when in an unknown environment -when child has a secure base they are more likely to explore

Answer 6

there may be windows during which you can teach things to children Lorenz and imprinting -ducks will attach to a caregiver based on who they see first children do better in a not-so-stable home if they are their real parents rather than in an adopte, stable home

Answer 7

girls optimize brain connections -by around 2 this evens out attention choices -girls want human contact while boy swould rather watch wind shield wipers girls excel at mimicry girls would rather hear voices while boys would rather listen to toys

Answer 8

``` the strange situation the goal was to assess attachment in babies and their caregiver process -caregiver and kid in an strange room -stranger comes in, caregiver leaves -caregiver comes back -both leave -stranger comes back in -caregiver comes back in is the kid soothed attachment was determined by quality of communication between baby and caregiver ```

Answer 9

attachment leads to basic trust - John Bowlby world is reliable and predictable this creates a template for us for all future relationships helps us to know what good relationships look like

Answer 10

``` stage theorist after we learn to trust in people, we move toward autonomy adolescence (teens to late 20s) -define your identity middle adulthood (40s to 60s) -discover a sense of contributing to the world late adulthood (late 60s and older) -want to give back to the world ```

Answer 11

Father of Attachment Theory impact of attachment in childhood on lives later on attachment leads to basic trust when parent attaches to you, you are more likely to help others -may be caused by empathy

Answer 12

why are some children fine with lack of attachment a resilient child is more likely to have an easy temperament in early childhood in middle childhood, they are more likely to have autonomy (ask for help, able to talk with others) -develop a hobby -have someone/something that was supportive

Answer 13

brain changes: less serotonin - linked with depression hormone changes: higher cortisol levels -higher baseline stress level use more limbic system (become stronger), frontal cortex becomes weaker

Answer 14

since they have a higher stress level, they are more likely to be impulsive and act in a way that they know

Answer 15

authoritarian: rigid ruler -lower warmth -high control/expectations -children: easily upset, moody or aggressive permissive-neglectful -low warmth -low control, avoidant -children: low social skills, low self control permissive-indulgent -high warmth -low control -wants to be your friend -children: low self-control, difficulty with respect -impulsive authoritative -high warmth -high control -tender teacher -children: self-control -high-achieving -socially competent

Answer 16

the growing and morphing period between childhood and adulthood

Answer 17

boys who develop (puberty) earlier are more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior -may be because they look older and are involved in an older crowd girls who develop earlier get teased

Answer 18

becoming earlier over time - due to increased body fat - increased body fat is linked to hormones that mimic growth hormone - increased stress is linked to early puberty - -need to be independent and protect oneself

Answer 19

pruning -restarts at puberty (11-12 in boys, earlier in girls) frontal lobe and myelin sheath -sheath allows for faster impulses emotional limbic system -wired before frontal lobe -leads to larger mood swings, more impulsive

Answer 20

``` Preconventional level -Stage 1: punishment-obedience orientation -stage 2: instrumental-exchange orientation conventional level -stage 3: good child orientation -stage 4: law and order orientation postconventional level -stage 5: social-contract orientation -stage 6: universal ethics orientation ```

Answer 21

``` punishment-obedience orientation follow the rules if you don't you might get in trouble, if you do you might get a treat birth to 9 self-interest ```

Answer 22

``` instrumental-exchange orientation become aware of others' POV quid pro quo morality is reciprocity if i do what's right, others will do what's right for me self-interest ```

Answer 23

good child orientation adolescence others-centered do certain things to maintain social order morality is about compliance to social norms may do what's right to gain social approval

Answer 24

``` law and order orientation larger perspective of social order doing duty to society don't speed to help others most people only get to this stage ```

Answer 25

actions reflect belief and basic rights and self-defined ethical principles when you develop your personal standards of right and wrong look at abstract standards things aren't black and white

Answer 26

social contract orientation ther is an underlying purpose of laws think in terms of what is good for the whole - social welfare

Answer 27

universal ethics orientation some laws need to be broken religion/spirituality become more pluralistic moral decisions are more than just social ethics -they relate to our personal convictions

Answer 28

identity -trying different roles to see how you want to be and where you want to fit into society identity crisis -you don't feel like you fit in any role

Answer 29

time you take after teenage years to establish yourself in adulthood brief interlude between biological maturity and social independence

Answer 30

peak athletic performance -20s -muscular strength and reaction time is highest running capabilities increase as you get older

Answer 31

marriage - positive institution - people who are married report higher overall happiness - healthier - live longer - less likely to die of heart disease or be obese

Answer 32

``` generativity -thinking about how you can contribute to society in some way stagnation -feeling purposeless middle age problem ```

Answer 33

``` male -fuller figure -wider hips and alrger breasts --signify ability for childbearing women -prefer financial stability ```

Answer 34

not that important John Gottman -doesn't matter how you fight, it's how you repair

Answer 35

``` permanent change in behavior types -classical conditioning -cognitive learning -operant conditioning ```

Answer 36

learning that occurs when a previously neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a conditioned response (CS) associations that are made between 2 or more things -firetruck and have image occurs after repeated exposure

Answer 37

NS - bell (stimulus which does not trigger a response) US - dog food -dog salivates pairs NS and US repeatedly active conditioning -dog salivates when he hears the bell -the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 38

timing is key -if two are not together quickly, CS nay never occur extinction -if you stop pairing the two, the CS will go away spontaneous recovery -something becomes extinct and then reappears -a CS can come back after being extinct generalization -behavior becomes generalized -say please to parents - leads to saying please to everyone

Answer 39

can expand a simple association and make it more complex

Answer 40

worldview that operates on the idea of stimulus-response

Answer 41

make goals more specific as you progress to move closer to the ideal behavior

Answer 42

when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus

Answer 43

``` before conditioning -NS: rat -UCS: steel bar hit with hammer after conditioning -NS: rat -CR: fear? ```

Answer 44

if you want to eliminate an association you need to replace it smoking -chew gum trauma -TFCBT -have person tell their story repeatedly to associate the story with being safe

Answer 45

impacted by how we observe others observing and language leads us to learning observing behavior leads us to mimicking it -Bobo experiment --children who didn't see adult beat doll didn't play aggressively --children who watched adult acted aggressively, more than the adult

Answer 46

watch someone do something and then imitate it we tend to copy people with similar characteristics -similar to us -certain role in community we model when we dont know what to do in a situation we a re observing the model and making judgments about what they do most visible in children Bobo doll

Answer 47

neurons that only fire to reflect the actions or feelings of others if I am watching someone who is experiencing pain, I am more likely to look like I am experiencing pain as well -we are hard wired in some way for empathy

Answer 48

shaping behavior through the medium of rewards

Answer 49

operant chamber: Skinner's box placed animal (rat) in box learned to perform a certain task based on receiving rewards we are predictable if we know what the consequence is going to be

Answer 50

reinforcing successive approximation -reward behavior as it gets closer to the behavior we want as I reinforce you, your behavior is also shaping me -hard time changing diaper, he responds to treats, give him treats when he lets you chang his diaper

Answer 51

ignore behavior you don't want to see | reward behavior you want to see

Answer 52

rewarded behaviors are more likely to occur | reward, rather than punishment, seems to impact behavior the most

Answer 53

positive: adding negative: taking away - you have a headache - take Tylenol - headache goes away

Answer 54

``` primary -unlearned --food - can be overused --sleeping --people approving of us conditioned or secondary -learned value -grades -money -friends -praise --certain people we want approval from ```

Answer 55

``` continuous -reinforce every time -will be learned quickly -not good for long term learning -if reward stops, action stops intermittent -reinforce some of the time -longer to learn -sticks for longer --not dependent on reward ```

Answer 56

``` extrinsic -someone else praises you intrinsic -do something because you want to example -children in a class were praised for pro-social behaviors -became less nice -we desire autonomy ```

Answer 57

same interval rate paycheck on certain days results in fast, UNSUSTAINED responding

Answer 58

times change | slow, CONSISTENT responding

Answer 59

same amount every time -buy 10 coffee, get 1 free high rate of responding

Answer 60

number of times changes - gambling - high, CONSISTENT responding

Answer 61

ratio -number of times interval -time between

Answer 62

for complex behaviors - love - remaining in school

Answer 63

punishment behavior is suppressed, not forgotten -you will decide not to do a behavior to not get punished -when given a chance to perform the behavior without punishment you will do it teaches discrimination teaches fear physical punishment and aggression

Answer 64

``` positive -more work for doing something wrong -feel you have control over finishing extra task negative -don't get a phone ```

Answer 65

focuses on what not to do

Answer 66

``` school -offer rewards for attendance, participation sports -make some the starter for performance work -same as school home -allowance for chores ```

Intro to Psych Exam #2 Flashcards

(92 cards)