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Physiology Exam 1(Lauren) > Intro To Renal Function > Flashcards

Intro To Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

Regulate water and ion balance

Regulate body fluid osmolality and volume

Excretion of metabolic waste (urea, uric acid, creatinine)

Excretion of foreign chemicals

Secretion of hormones (renin, EPO, 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)

Regulate blood bicarbonate levels

(Sorry for this card i just thought it would be good to see a few times)

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2
Q

What are the two sources of water input?

A
  1. Food/beverage

2. Oxidative

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3
Q

What are the 3 sources of water output (DOES NOT INCLUDE URINE)?

A

Fecal

Sweat

Insensible (breathing)

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4
Q

How do you calculate water balance?

A

Water input - water output= balance

Remember, urine does NOT go into this calculation for water output, we are trying to see what urine flow NEEDS to be

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5
Q

If urine output matches the “balance” what do we say the patient is?

A

Steady state

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6
Q

If urine output is less than the “balance” what do we say the patient is?

A

In a positive water balance

They’re not peeing enough, they have too much water overall!

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7
Q

If urine output is larger than the “balance” what do we say the patient is?

A

In a negative water balance

They are outputting MORE than they are taking in

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8
Q

What are some conditions that can cause a negative sodium and water balance?

A

Diarrhea

Diuretic medication

Insufficient aldosterone (adrenal dysfunction)

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9
Q

What are some conditions that can cause a positive sodium and water balance?

A

Excess steroids

Congestive heart failure

Salt-retaining disease (hyperaldosteronism)

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10
Q

Is the cortex granular or striated?

A

Granular

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11
Q

Is the medulla granulated or striated?

A

Striated

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12
Q

What is the basic unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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13
Q

Nephrons have a tubular component and a vascular component. What is the third component?

A

Combined component = juxtaglomerular apparatus

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14
Q

What are the 2 parts of the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

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15
Q

What happens to the filtrate in the proximal tubule?

A

2/3 of solute and water is reabsorbed (ISOSMOTIC)

Urine does not get concentrated here

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16
Q

What happens in the Loop of Henle?

A

Osmotic gradients are generated in the medulla that allow the kidney to concentrate urine

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17
Q

Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Where the thick ascending limb passes between the afferent and efferent arteroiles

18
Q

What happens at the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Some ions are reabsorbed

Fluid may be iso or hyposmotic

19
Q

What happens at the collecting duct?

A

The final concentration of the urine is adjusted

It is surrounded by a lot of salt to draw water out of the filtrate

20
Q

Which hormone controls the water permeability of the collecting duct?

A

Vasopressin aka ADH

21
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A

Cortical

Juxtaglomerular

22
Q

Where are the cortical nephrons and is the LOH short or long?

A

In outer cortex

LOH short and doesnt extend into inner medulla

23
Q

Where are the juxtamedullary nephrons and is the LOH long or short?

A

Near the corticomedullary border.

LOH is long and extends into the inner medulla

24
Q

Does each nephron have its own collecting duct?

A

No, each collecting duct is shared by many nephrons

25
Q

The ability to produce concentrated urine is though to be proportional to the number of ______________

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

26
Q

Within the renal corpuscle, what are the layers that separate the capillaries from the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Endothelium of the capillary

Glomerular basement membrane (aka basal lamina)

Visceral epithelial cells (aka podocytes, the little amoeba looking things)

27
Q

What are pedicels?

A

Extensions of the podocytes

28
Q

How does filtrate get from the capillary into the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Through ~slits~ between the podocytes

29
Q

What are the 3 kinds of cells in the juxtaglomerular appartus

A

Macula densa (MD)

Extraglomerular cells

Granular cells (G cells/ juxtaglomerular cells)

30
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do?

A

The MD cells monitor flow and can change GFR and renin release

The Granular/G cells release renin

31
Q

Where are the mesangial/M cells and what do they do?

A

They are between capillary loops in the glomerulus and they will contract in response to angiotensin II

32
Q

What are the 2 capillary beds in the nephron?

A

Glomerulus

Peritubular

33
Q

If you were a red blood cell traveling into the nephron, what would your path be starting at the renal artery?

A

Renal artery- afferent arteriole - glomerular capillary bed- efferent arteriole- peritubular capillaries- renal vein

(You hit TWO capillary beds before leaving the nephron)

34
Q

Each nephron has 2 arterioles and 2 capillary beds. Are they in parallel or series?

A

Series

35
Q

Do all nephrons have vasa recta?

A

No, only the juxtamedullary nephrons. Vasa recta are ONLY in the medulla
(Cortical nephrons don’t have)

36
Q

Are the vasa recta important for recovering water?

A

Yes

37
Q

Does the kidney receive SNS and PNS stimulation?

A

No, only SNS

38
Q

What kind of receptors are on the renal arterioles?

Are they on both the afferent and efferent?

A

a1 (….they cause constriction)

They are on both, but PRIMARILY on the afferent arterioles

39
Q

What effect will SNS stimulation have on renal blood flow and GFR?

A

It tends to reduce it, but the simultaneous release of prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGI2) oppose the effect.

Reductions in RBF and GFR are minimized.

(The kidney does not like its blood flow to be messed with)

40
Q

What effect will SNS stimulation have on the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Granular cells will release renin

41
Q

What kind of receptors are on the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

B1

42
Q

Is there protein in the filtrate?

A

No

Physiology Exam 1(Lauren) (12 decks)

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