Intro to Terroir

Question 1

Terroir

Answer 1

a concept which refers to an area in which collective knowledge of interactions between identifiable physical and biological environment and applied viticultural practices develops, providing distinctive characteristics for products originating from this area; terroir includes specific soil, topography, climate, landscape characteristics and biodiversity features

Question 2

Terroir elements in Soil

Answer 2

depth, fertility, structure, water holding capacity

Question 3

Terroir elements of Climate

Answer 3

macro: latitude, altitude, topography; meso: temperature, wind, rainfall, humidity, radiation; micro: bunch and leaf exposure to radiation and temperature

Question 4

Terroir elements of Vine Management

Answer 4

training system, vine spacing, pruning level, fertilization, irrigation, soil management, intercropping, canopy management

Question 5

Wine Typicity

Answer 5

a juxtaposition of unique traits that define a class of wines having common aspects of terroir involving biophysical and human dimensions that make wines recognizable, and in theory, unable to be replicated in another territory

Question 6

Strategies of Old World Wine Production

Answer 6

emphasis on terroir; emphasis on link between wine and territory; importance of zoning studies; wine as cultural fact; desultory use of irrigation; technology as positive tool to solve technical problems; grower first, then wine-maker; strong denomination system; production mostly offer-driven

Question 7

Strategies of New World Wine Production

Answer 7

emphasis on grape variety and brand; wine as commodity; large use of irrigation (83%); technology as most important factor for wine production; wine-maker first, then grower; simple denomination system; production mostly demand driven

Question 8

OIV

Answer 8

International Organization of Vine and Wine; a scientific and technical organization in vine and wine sector created in 1924

Question 9

Objectives of OIV

Answer 9

inform its Member States of measures concerning producers, consumers and other players in the vine and wine sector; assist other international organizations, specially those which carry out standardization activities; contribute to the international harmonization of existing practices and standards

Question 10

Functions of OIV

Answer 10

standards for vitivinicultural sector; research and publications; databases, statistics and sector information; education and communication

Question 11

OIV stats

Answer 11

800+ experts; 48 member states; 16 observers

Question 12

Industrial use/transformation of wine (OIV Focused)

Answer 12

distillation (ex. wine spirits); adding/extraction of components (ex. aromatized wine); acetic fermentation (ex. wine vinegars); incorporation in other products (ex. marinades)

Question 13

Grape Taxonomy (phylum/division/order)

Answer 13

phylum: Euphyta; division: Angiosperm; order: Rhamnales (Vitales)

Question 14

Grape Taxonomy (main genera)

Answer 14

Vitis, Muscadinia, Ampelocissus, Pterisanthes, Cissus etc.

Question 15

Vitis Lambrusca L.

Answer 15

origin: North-East America; botanical features: male and female flower, leaves without lobes, continuous distribution of tendrils on the shoot; fruit features: berry, red, juicy, foxy flavors (wild, musk); sugars: ~15 degrees Brix; titratable acidity: ~14 g/L

Question 16

CMO

Answer 16

Common Market Organization

Question 16

DRV

Answer 16

Disease Resistant Varieties

Question 17

PGI

Answer 17

Protected Geographic Indication

Question 18

PDO

Answer 18

Protected Denomination by Origin

Question 19

Conventional crop breeding cycle

Answer 19

crop traits are combined via recombination over multiple generations to produce improved varieties

Question 20

CRISPR/Cas-assisted crop breeding cycle

Answer 20

crops with different edits of known targets are produced in single step and selected for advanced trials based on phenotypic traits

Question 21

Vitis Vinifera L.

Answer 21

origin: between Black Sea and Caspian Sea (Georgia, Azerbaijan); botanical features: hermaphrodite flower, leaves with lobes, discontinuous distribution of tendrils on shoo; fruit features: berry, red or yellow, juicy, find taste, palatable aroma; sugars: ~20 degree Brix; titratable acidity: ~7 g/L

Question 22

Para-Domestication

Answer 22

protection of wild grapevines

Question 23

Domestication

Answer 23

sets of modifications indirectly induced by men in genome of animals and plants; domestication has also altered humans

Question 24

Pickers

Answer 24

people who used to pick useful plants (including grapes)

Question 25

Dump Heaps

Answer 25

place outside living place where rubbish accumulated and where people defecated

Question 26

Embryonic Viticulture

Answer 26

particular care and protection of wild grapevines in forests or dump heaps; better to multiply plants by vegetative propagation -> choice of hermaphrodite vines instead of males

Question 27

Proto Viticulture

Answer 27

practice of viticulture in its complete cycle: preparation of soil, plantation, cultivation along life-time, grubbing up old vines; multiplication by vegetative propagation, in order to preserve best traits over time

Question 28

Definition of grape variety

Answer 28

individual obtained from seed and propagated in vegetative way, with formation over time of clones, due to bud mutations

Question 29

Traits considered when evaluation varietal strength

Answer 29

vigor, berry length, berry size, berry color, berry shape, berry texture, berry acidity, time of ripening