intro to the body Flashcards
1
Q
Computed tomography = ct
A
take multiple entries from different angles
A computer then integrates that into a three dimensional image
1
Q
x-ray
A
taking a three dimensional structure and converting it to a two dimensional image
2
Q
MRI + ULTRASOUND SAFER?
A
no x rays
3
Q
anatomical position
A
stands upright
face forward
upper limbs down by side
palms forward
thumbs facing away from the body feet are together again facing forward.
4
Q
median plane
A
or sagittal=> cut a body into right and left - perfectly on midline
5
Q
coronal plane
A
frontal plane = separates front from back
6
Q
transverse plane
A
separates top from bottom
axial plane
7
Q
superior
A
towards head
8
Q
inferior
A
towards feet
9
Q
anterior
A
front
10
Q
posterior
A
behind
11
Q
lateral
A
further from midline - thumbs = most
12
Q
medial
A
nearer midline
13
Q
dorsal
A
posterior
14
Q
ventral
A
anterior
15
Q
caudal
A
inferior <=> tail
16
Q
cranial
A
superior = brain
17
Q
superficial
A
near surface
18
Q
intermediate
A
between superficial and deep
19
Q
deep
A
farther from surface
20
Q
proximal
A
= close to point of origin
21
Q
distal
A
= far from point of origin
22
Q
palmar
A
palm
23
Q
dorsum
A
back of hands/ foot
24
plantar
sole of foot
25
types of sections
longitudinally
transversally
obliquely
26
unilateral
affecting one side only
27
bilateral
affecting both sides
28
dexter/dextra
right side
29
sinister/sinistra
left side
30
ipsilateral
affecting / situated on same side of body
31
contralateral
affecting / situated on opposite side of body
32
flexion
reducing angle of joint
33
extension
increasing angle
34
dorsiflexion
towards dorsum
35
plantarflexion
towards plantar
36
abduction
moving away from midline/ median plane
37
adduction
moving towards midline/ median plane
38
supination
rotating forearm => palm up
39
pronation
rotating forearm => palm down
40
opposition/ reposition
thumbs => pinky touch
and not
41
elevation/depression
lift/ put down shoulders
42
eversion/ inversion
angle joint
moving out/in towards me
43
retrusion/ protrusion
backwards/ forwards
44
retraction/ protrusion
scapula backwards= in/ forwards = out
45
skin = 2 facts
largest organ + 3 layers
46
epidermis
Keratinised epithelium
Some nerve endings
Avascular (no blood vessels)
Shedding (2 grams per day) and regeneration
47
dermis
Collagenous and elastin rich
i.e. tough and stretchy
Vascular and innervated
Contains hair follicles, arrector pili muscles <=> hair stands up = hair contracts, some sweat glands
48
subcutaneous tissue
Adipose tissue (fat) store
Vascular and innervated
Contains sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine)
49
eccrine
water and some electrolytes, present on almost all skin
50
apocrine
Apocrine = lipid/protein rich secretion, select sites (axillae, perineal area, genital area) – “activate” with puberty
51
skin functions
- Protection – keratin, collagen, elastin
- Containment (capable of expanding and contraction)
- Thermoregulation – sweat, hair and arrector pili, superficial vasculature
- Sensory – nerve endings – pain, temperature, proprioception, fine touch
- Vitamin D synthesis vs. protection from UV – with melanin content
- Can absorb medications (more readily in lipid-based preparation)
52
langer's lines
If you want to make an incision, ideally you want to cut parallel to the Langer's lines, parallel to the main direction of the collagen - no tension on it
53
skeleton + cartilage
costal cartilages = attach ribs to sternum, give flexibility to ribcage
articular cartilages = most joints
54
axial squeleton
skull, vertebrae (vertebral colum), sacrum, ribs, coccyx, hyoid = little bon ein neck, sternum
55
appendicular squeleton
limbs, clavicle and scapula, hip bones
56
CNS - central nervous system
brain + spinal cord
57
PNS - peripheral nervous system
cranial and spinal nerves
12 paired cranial nerves
Arise from brain/brainstem
Functions mostly occur in head and neck, with exception of vagus nerve (CNX)
nerves that give “Special” senses (sight, smell, taste, hearing, balance)
58
sensory nerves
afferent
59
motor nerves
efferent
60
somatic motor/sensory
body wall
61
visceral motor/ sensory
organs within body
62
enteric nerves
collection of nerves that actually is found within the lining of the digestive system.
63
neurones
are the functional cells of the nervous system
They conduct small electrical signals based on charge differences across their membranes
Neurones are actually outnumbered by cells called glial cells which support them
64
Neurones communication
via neurotransmitter release at synapses
65
ganglion/ ganglia
A collection of cell bodies is termed a ganglion (pl. ganglia)
Ganglia are sites of synapsing
66
what is the CNS covered by - DAP
Covered in protective layers of meninges
Three layers:
Dura mater – tough outer layer
Arachnoid mater – middle layer, creates a subarachnoid space for cerebrospinal fluid
Pia mater – closely adhered to brain/spinal cord
67
PNS
31 spinal nerves
Cervical = 8
Thoracic = 12
Lumbar = 5
Spinal = 5
Coccygeal = 1
numbered -> ascending downwards
68
spinal nerves
serve as both dermatomes and myotomes
69
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight mode
thoracolumbar outflow from nervous system
distributes thru sympathetic trunk
Dilates pupils, increases cardiac output, dilates bronchioles, increase blood to muscle, slow digestion etc
70
parasympathetic
“rest & digest”
Constrict pupil, decrease cardiac output, promote digestive functions etc.
cranial sacral outflow
71
four main cavities
1. abdominal, pelvic or peritoneal cavity
2/3 right and left pleural cavity => house of lungs
4. pericardial cavity
72
visceral layer
inner layer in contact with organ
73
cavity
very small amount of a lubricating serious fluid. - plural fluid
And that simply helps keep the movement of the organ within the body free of friction, allows free movement.
74
parietal layer
outer layer - body wall with lubricating liquid in between
75
what do cavities represent
Cavities represent potential spaces – sources of spreading infection, fluid build up or fluid (blood) loss
76
From what regions do the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system exit the CNS?
Parasympathetic – cranial, sacral/S2-4
Sympathetic – thoraco-lumbar/T1-L3
77
development of body cavities
All humans start as two cells, that form a zygote
This undergoes divisions and implants into the mothers uterus
A three layer (trilaminar) disc forms from the epiblast via a process termed gastrulation (day 17)
The three layers are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
These three “germ layers” subsequently develop into all tissues of the body
The mesoderm develops into distinct parts, termed paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm is divided into parietal and visceral layer
Intra embryonic coelom forms a “horseshoe” shape around the developing head
The embryonic “disc” folds in two planes – cranio-caudally and laterally
Lateral folding causes closing of the body walls and “entrapment” of intra-embryonic coelom and gut tube within a closed body cavity
Cavity lined by somatic mesoderm, gut tube/mesentery by visceral mesoderm
The continuous primitive body cavities must then undergo partitioning
Lungs buds invaginate into pericardioperitoneal canals forming pleural cavities and pleuropericardial folds (a ridge of mesenchyme = embryonic connective tissue) separate the pericardial and pleural cavities
pleuropericardial folds form fibrous pericardium
The diaphragm forms to separate thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Composed of septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, mesentery of oesophagus and the body wall
78
Viscera/splanchnic
organs
79
Parietal/somatic
wall
80
Ecto
– outer
81
Meso
middle
82
Endo
inner
