Intro to the NS

Question 1

contralateral

Answer 1

sensory or motor deficits occurring on the oppo side of the causative lesion

Question 2

ipsilateral

Answer 2

sensory or motor deficits occurring on the same side as the causative lesion

Question 3

somatotopic

Answer 3

sensory or motor pathways convey their fibers in a highly organized laminated fashion as they ascend or descend to specific regions of the cortex or body

Question 4

homunculus

Answer 4

cartoon representation of the exaggerated proportions of the cortical map

Question 5

funiculus

Answer 5

general term for a large cord-like bundle of n fibers

Question 6

fasciculus

Answer 6

general term referring to a bundle of n fibers which belong to a particular system in the CNS

Question 7

tract

Answer 7

specifically defined as a fasciculus comprised of n fibers that have a common origin termination and function

Question 8

lemniscus

Answer 8

crossed secondary n fibers in a conscious sensory pathway

lesion leads to contra lateral deficit

Question 9

falx herniation

Answer 9

falx partially separates the cerebral hemispheres
unilateral space occupying lesions leads to herniation across the midline beneath the free edge of the falx
singular event may not present clinical deficits associated w/ herniation

Question 10

epiderual hematoma

Answer 10

rupture of the middle menigeal a
blood b/w endocranium and dura mater
clinically: initial unconsciousness followed by rapid recovery
after a few hours displacement of the brain tissue

Question 11

tentorial or uncal herniation

Answer 11

herniation through the tentorial notch

compression of the brainstem

Question 12

subdural hematoma

Answer 12

rupture of the cerebral v to rupture as they cross the subdural space
signs and symptoms of epidural hematomas, may be delayed a few weeks

Question 13

trauma to the midbrain

Answer 13

sharp edge of the incisura to lacerate or contuse the brainstem
damage to the midbrain reticular formation will cause damage to consciousness

Question 14

dural venous sinuses

Answer 14

superior sagittal sinus - R transverse sinus

straight sinus - left transverse sinus

Question 15

thrombosis of the posterior portion of the superior venous sinus or R transverse sinus

Answer 15

cortical ischemia and/or necrosis

Question 16

thrombosis of the posterior portion of the straigh venous sinus or left transverse venous sinus

Answer 16

ischemia and or necrosis of structures in the deep cerebrum

usually fatal

Question 17

pailledema

Answer 17

increased intracranial pressure applies pressure to sm v on the optic n decreasing venous drainage leading to edema of the retina and swelling of the optic disc

Question 18

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 18

all major BV run in subarachnoid space
rupture of one vessels leads to subarachnoid hemorrhage
indicated by erythrocytes in the CSF

Question 19

layers moving down from skull

Answer 19

dura mater 
subdural space 
arachnoid membrane 
subarachnoid space 
pia mater

Question 20

CSF production and flow

Answer 20

choroid plexus in each ventricle drains towards the 4th ventricle and into the subarachnoid space at or above the level of the foramen magnum
most CSF s absorbed in the subarachnoid space at the level of the superior sagittal venous sinus

Question 21

lateral ventricle

Answer 21

core of each cerebrum

most frequently enlarges in hydrocephaly

Question 22

interventricular foramen of monroe

Answer 22

connects lateral ventricle to the third ventricle

Question 23

third ventricle

Answer 23

continuous w/ two lateral ventricles

Question 24

cerebral aqueduct

Answer 24

third ventricle

boundary b/w tectum and midbrain tegmentum

Question 25

fourth ventricle

Answer 25

continuous w/ cerebral aqueduct

Question 26

external hydrocephalus

Answer 26

excessive accumulation of CSF in the subarachnoid space w/ concomitant enlargement of the space by compression of CNS

Question 27

supratentorial external hydrocephalus

Answer 27

most commonly associated w/ senile atrophy of the cortex | ex AD

Question 28

infratentorial external hydrocephalus

Answer 28

seen in combination w/communicating hydrocephalus

Question 29

internal hydrocephalus (noncommunicating)

Answer 29

does not drain into the subarachnoid space due to obstruction of the interventricular foramen, choroid plexus, cerebral aqueduct, and medial and lateral foramina results in dilation of the ventricles proximal to the obstruction

Question 30

communicating hydrocephalus

Answer 30

combination of infratentorial external and internal hydrocephalus obstruction of subarachnoid space at tentorial notch CSF can move into infratentorial subarachnoid space but not over the cerebrum to be resorbed at the arachnoid villi result is hypertrophy of the ventricles and accumulation of CSF in the infratentorial subarachnoid space shunt in cisterna magna to drain

Question 31

watershed infarction

Answer 31

distal areas of cerebral arterial circulation are hypoperfused

Question 32

ischemic penumbra

Answer 32

following focal ischemia the tissue surrounding the core ischemic territory is too ischemic to function

Question 33

auto regulation dysfunction and edema

Answer 33

due to ischemic tissue acidosis and resultant luxury perfusion of adjacent normal tissue

Question 34

electrical failure

Answer 34

tissue is viable but cessation of brain electrical activity including attenuation of EEG and absence of cerebral evoked potentials

Question 35

ionic failure

Answer 35

irreversible tissue damage due to hypoperfusion

Question 36

circle of willis

Answer 36

``` anterior cerebral a anterior communicating a middle cerebral a ant choroidal a posterior communicating a posterior cerebral a ```

Question 37

parkinsons and ant choroidal a

Answer 37

ligation will lead to decreased tremors on the opposite side

Question 38

recurrent a of heubner

Answer 38

supplies the internal capsule and the corpus striatum

Question 39

anterior cerebral a (ACA) cortical area

Answer 39

paracentral lobule

Question 40

paracentral lobule

Answer 40

occlusion of the ACA or superior sagittal sinus may result in sensory and or motor deficits in the CONTRALATERAL leg and foot

Question 41

middle cerebral a (MCA) cortical area

Answer 41

primary motor cs, premotor cx, broca's speech area, primary somesthtic cx, primary auditory cx, wernicke's area

Question 42

posterior cerebral a (PCA) cortical area

Answer 42

primary visual cx

Question 43

Anterior spinal a (ASpA) penetrating branches

Answer 43

central portion of cord

Question 44

Posterior spinal a (PSpA) penetrating branches

Answer 44

posterior 1/3 or cord

Question 45

expressive or broca's aphasia

Answer 45

motor language disorder characterized by cryptic telegraphic speech w/ a frustrating problem in initiation of speech motor patterns automatic profane speech patterns may persist

Question 46

wernicke's aphasia

Answer 46

receptive language disorder pts are quite fluent but lack content or meaning in their spoken and written comprehension of language language pattern tends to circumlocute w/ numerous inappropriate word choices and neologisms

Question 47

central cord syndrome

Answer 47

disruption of BF to the anterior spinal a ischemia of the central region of the spinal cord central necrosis and cavitation of the spinal cord and the development of a syrix

Question 48

lateral medullary (wallenberg) syndrome

Answer 48

displacement of the PICA on angiograms of the post cranial fossa may indicate the presence of a space occupying mass such as a tumor thrombosis of PICA

Question 49

internal cerebral v

Answer 49

receives - thalamostriate and ant septal v | drains - great v of galen

Question 50

basal v of rosenthal

Answer 50

receives - middle deep cerebral and anterior cerebral v | drains - great v of galen

Question 51

great v of galen

Answer 51

receives - internal cerebral and basal v | drains into the straight sinus

Question 52

L straight sinus

Answer 52

drains core, more dangerous to block

Question 53

R straight sinus

Answer 53

drains cortical region