NT Systems

Question 1

Dopamine

Answer 1

Central Location - basa ganglia and VTA
Functions - motor control, pleasure, consciousness  
Inonotropic R - none
Metabotropic R - D1, D2, D3, D4, D5
Other - tyrosine derivative

Question 2

Norepinephrine

Answer 2

Central Location - pons/brainstem (locus cerules)
Functions - wakefulness
Iontropic R - none
Metabotropic R - alpha and beta drenergics
Other - tyrosine derivatives

Question 3

Epinephrine

Answer 3

Central Location - brainstem (adrenal medulla)
Functions - wakefulness
Iontropic R - none
Metabotropic R - alpha and beta adrenergics
Other - tyrosine derivative

Question 4

Serotonin

Answer 4

Central Location - brainstem (raphe nucleus)
Functions - mood, wakefulness
Iontropic R - 5HT3 (vomiting)
Metabotropic R - multiple 5HT6 - mood 
Other - tryptophan derivative

Question 5

Histamine

Answer 5

Central Location -  hypothalamus (tuberomammillary body)
Functions - waking 
Iontropic R - none
Metabotropic R - H1 and H2 
Other - histidine derivative

Question 6

Acetylcholine

Answer 6

Central Location - pons/midbrain
Functions - consciousness, wakefulness, voluntary motion, REM sleep  
Ionotropic R - nicotonic (sodium)
Metabotropic R - muscarinic
Other - separate from ANS

Question 7

GABA

Answer 7

Central Location - higher CNS (cerebellum, cortex, retina)
Functions - motor control, consciousness, major inhibitory NT in CNS
Ionotropic R - GABA-A
Metabotropic R - GABA-B
Other - extrasynaptic R (anesthetics)

Question 8

Glycine

Answer 8

Central Location - spinal cord 
Functions - almost all inhibition 
Ionotropic R - glycine (Cl) 
Metabotropic R - none
Other - none

Question 9

Opioids

Answer 9

Central Location - hypothalamus/medulla, raphe nuclei
Functions - modulation of pain and production of pleasure
Ionotropic R - none
Metabotropic R - mu, kappa, delta
Other - endorphins, dynoprphins, enkephalins

Question 10

Endocannibinoids

Answer 10

Central Location - multiple/Wid espread
Functions - modulation of pain/Neuroprotection
Ionotropic R - none
Metabotropic R - CB1 and CB2
Other - anandaminde and 2-AG

Question 11

synthesis of dopamine, NE, and Epi

Answer 11

tyr to L DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase (rate limiting)
dopamine
conversion of dopamine to NE w/in vesicles
conversion of NE to Epi w/in cytoplasm

Question 12

substantia nigra dopaminergic pathway

Answer 12

motor control

defect leads to Parkinson’s disease

Question 13

mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

Answer 13

core of pleasure/reward

defect leads to addiction

Question 14

mesocortical dopaminergic pathway

Answer 14

attention and higher levels of consciousness

defect leads to schizophrenia

Question 15

tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic pathway

Answer 15

suppression of prolactin release from ant. pituitary

Question 16

Reserpine

Answer 16

limits the amount of monoamines packaged into vesicles and is used in treatment of hypertension

Question 17

D1 and D5

Answer 17

Gs

voluntary motion control

Question 18

D2-D4

Answer 18

Gi

inhibition of voluntary motion, pleasure/reward system

Question 19

Removal from synaptic cleft - Dopamine, NE, Epi

Answer 19

MAO - central

COMT - periphery

Question 20

Removal from synaptic cleft - Serotonin

Answer 20

MAO after uptake

Question 21

H1 and H2 R

Answer 21

mediate neuronal effects

Question 22

H3 R

Answer 22

presynaptic and decrease the release of histamine from presynaptic terminal

Question 23

Removal from synaptic cleft - Histamine

Answer 23

diamine oxidase breaks down after uptake

Question 24

Storage of ACH

Answer 24

clear vesicles

moved into vesicles by vAchT

Question 25

Removal from synaptic cleft - ACH

Answer 25

acetylocholinesterase bound to postsynaptic cell membrane

Question 26

Muscarinic R

Answer 26

blocked by atropine | smooth mm and glands

Question 27

M1

Answer 27

neuronal | increased IP3/DAG leading to increased Ca influx

Question 28

M2

Answer 28

cardiac | decreased cAMP leading to increased K efflux

Question 29

M3

Answer 29

smooth mm of bronchi, vasculature, endothelial cells of vasculature increased IP3/DAG leading to increased Ca influx

Question 30

M4

Answer 30

glands | decreased cAMP leading to increased K efflux

Question 31

M5

Answer 31

increased IP3/DAG leading to increased Ca influx

Question 32

nicotinic R

Answer 32

located at: NMJ, autonomic ganglia | allow for Na and some Ca influx

Question 33

Stiff Person Syndrome

Answer 33

due to autoimmunity to GAD which leads to increased GABA leading to mm rigidity and mm spasms

Question 34

GABA A R

Answer 34

allow Cl into the cell causing hyperpolarization | activated by benzodiazepine

Question 35

GABA B R

Answer 35

decreased adenylyl cyclase leads to K efflux decreased IP3/DAG leaded to decreased Ca influx both lead to hyperpolarization

Question 36

Removal from synaptic cleft - GABA

Answer 36

Na/Cl cotransport then broken down by GAGA transaminase

Question 37

Glycine R

Answer 37

allows Cl into the cell causing hyperpolarization | blocked by strychnine

Question 38

Mu R

Answer 38

analgesia respiratory depression euphoria increases K efflux leading to hyperpolarization

Question 39

Kappa R

Answer 39

analgesia | decrease Ca influx leading to hyperpolarization

Question 40

Delta R

Answer 40

analgesia | decrease Ca influx leading to hyperpolarization

Question 41

Endocannaboinoids - hippocampus

Answer 41

memory formation

Question 42

Endocannaboinoids - basal ganglia

Answer 42

affect/motor

Question 43

Endocannaboinoids - spinal cord

Answer 43

modulation of nociception (pain perception)

Question 44

Endocannaboinoids - neocortex

Answer 44

neuropcrotecive

Question 45

CB - 1 R

Answer 45

axons presynaptic terminals Gi reduces NT

Question 46

CB - 2 R

Answer 46

microglia anti - inflammatory macrophages to remove beta amyloid