Intro to the reproductive system

Question 1

Name the male and female gametes

Answer 1

Male - spermatozoa

Female - oocyte or ovum

Question 2

Give the name of the male and female gonads

Answer 2

Male - testes

Female - ovaries

Question 3

Define what a zygote is

Answer 3

The cell resulting from the fertilisation of the oocyte by the spermatozoa

Question 4

What is the pelvic floor made of?

What 2 regions does it separate?

Answer 4

The pelvic floor is made of skeletal muscle

It separates the pelvic cavity and the perineum

Question 5

Describe the location of the perineum

Answer 5

It is inferior to the pelvic floor, and in-between the proximal parts of the lower limbs

Question 6

Name the openings in the pelvic floor

Answer 6

The distal alimentary tract, reproductive tracts, and renal tracts

Question 7

What is the pelvic roof formed by?

Answer 7

The parietal peritoneum

Question 8

Where can the parietal peritoneum be found?

Answer 8

The lining of the abdominal cavity, and draped over the pelvic viscera

Question 9

Describe the vesico-uterine pouch

Answer 9

It is an extension of the peritoneal cavity that separates the uterus and bladder

Question 10

Give the location of the peritoneal cavity

Answer 10

It is superior to the pelvic floor

Question 11

Describe the location of the recto-uterine pouch

Answer 11

It is the most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity in an upright female patient

Question 12

Give the clinical significance of the rectouterine pouch

Answer 12

Any abnormal fluid drains into the rectouterine pouch

Question 13

Describe how STIs can cause peritonitis

Answer 13

STIs can spread via the uterus and uterine tubes to the peritoneal cavity causing peritonitis

Question 14

Name the 3 tracts of the surface of the female perineum

Answer 14

External urethral orifice (urinary tract)

Vaginal orifice (female genital tract)

Question 15

Name the 3 tracts of the surface of the female perineum

Answer 15

External urethral orifice (urinary tract)

Vaginal orifice (female genital tract)

Anus (gastrointestinal tract)

Question 16

Name the female reproductive organ

Answer 16

Ovaries

Question 17

Name the accessory female reproductive organs

Answer 17

Uterine tubes

Uterus

Vagina

Question 18

Name and give the order of the 3 layers of the uterine wall

Answer 18

Endometrium - the innermost

Myometrium - the middle layer

Perimetrium - the outermost layer

Question 19

Name the 4 regions of the uterine tubes

Answer 19

Isthmus

Ampulla

Infundibulum (funnel)

Fimbriae (fingers)

Question 20

Describe the shapes of the 4 regions of the uterine tubes

Answer 20

Isthmus - thin part at the start

Ampulla - as it gets wider

Infundibulum - as it gets wider after the bend

Fimbriae - the finger-like ends of the tube

Question 21

Does the uterine tube open to the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 21

Yes, after the infundibulum

Question 22

Describe the progression of the oocyte during menstruation or fertilisation

Answer 22

1 - The oocyte matures into an ovum

2 - Each cycle 1 ovum is released from the ovary’s surface into the peritoneal cavity

3 - The ovum is gathered into the infundibulum by the fimbriae

4 - Moves along the uterine tube via cilia

5 - During menstruation an unfertilised ovum is expelled via the myometrium contracting

Question 23

Into what does the ovary release the ovum

Answer 23

Peritoneal cavity

Question 24

What move the ovum along the uterine tube?

Answer 24

Cilia

Question 25

What makes an unfertilised ovum be expelled from the uterus?

Answer 25

The myometrium contracting

Question 26

Where does fertilisation normally occur

Answer 26

Ampulla of the uterine tube

Question 27

Where does implantation normally occur

Answer 27

The body of the uterus

Question 28

What is an ectopic pregnancy

Answer 28

The fertilised ovum implants outwith the uterine cavity

Question 29

State the clinical significance of the uterine tube opening into the peritoneal cavity

Answer 29

idk... find out and make card

Question 30

State the 2 types of ectopic pregnancy

Answer 30

Tubal pregnancy - embryo embeds in the uterine tube Non-tubal ectopic pregnancy - Not in the uterine tubes, can be in the ovaries, abdominal cavity *may be better to call ones in the abdominal cavity "abdominal pregnancies"*

Question 31

Give a clinical significance of an ectopic pregnancy

Answer 31

Can lead to a haemorrhage

Question 32

Describe female sterilisation

Answer 32

Both uterine tubes are cut/cauterised. This blocks the lumen

Question 33

Describe the orientation of the penis in the anatomical position

Answer 33

It is erect

Question 34

Give the name for the foreskin

Answer 34

Prepuce

Question 35

During their development where do the testis originate

Answer 35

The posterior wall of the abdominal cavity

Question 36

Describe the movement of the testis from the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity to their position at birth

Answer 36

The move anteriorly Then through the anterior abdominal wall via the inguinal canal Into the scrotum before birth

Question 37

In what part of the testis are sperm produced

Answer 37

Seminiferous tubules

Question 38

At what temp must the testis be to produce spermatozoa? How is this temperature regulated?

Answer 38

Must be about 1*C below core body temp This is regulated by the dartos muscle

Question 39

Describe the dartos muscle

Answer 39

A layer of smooth muscle surrounding the testis Can contract/relax to regulate testis' temperature

Question 40

Describe the progression of the spermatozoa into the vas deferens

Answer 40

``` Semininiferous tubules into Rete testis into Head of the epididymis into Tail of the epididymis into Vas deferens ```

Question 41

How long do spermatozoa take to mature?

Answer 41

64 days

Question 42

How many sperm are produced every second?

Answer 42

1500 (on average)

Question 43

What does the spermatic cord consist of?

Answer 43

Vas deferens Testicular artery Pampiniform plexus of veins

Question 44

What causes testicular torsion?

Answer 44

The spermatic cord twists

Question 45

What is the consequence of testicular torsion?

Answer 45

The blood supply is disrupted, causing a danger of testicular necrosis Severe pain

Question 46

Where is seminal fluid produced?

Answer 46

The seminal glands | left and right

Question 47

The left vas deferens and left the seminal gland merge to form what?

Answer 47

The left ejaculatory duct | this is a bilateral structure

Question 48

Where do the left and right ejaculatory ducts join with the urethra

Answer 48

Inside the prostate gland

Question 49

Describe how the penis becomes erect

Answer 49

The penis contains 3 cylinders of erectile tissue These fill with blood at arterial pressure during erection

Question 50

What is the name for the posterior base of the penis?

Answer 50

The bulb of the penis

Question 51

Name the head of the penis

Answer 51

The glans

Question 52

Name the region of the penis where it joins to the body

Answer 52

The root of the penis

Question 53

Name the male reproductive organs

Answer 53

Testes

Question 54

Name the male accessory reproductive organs

Answer 54

Vas deferens Seminal glands Prostate gland Penis

Question 55

Describe the route taken by the spermatic cord

Answer 55

ascends through the anterior abdominal wall within the inguinal canal to reach the pelvic cavity

Question 56

What are the components of semen? Where are they produced

Answer 56

Seminal fluid - seminal glands Spermatozoa - testes

Question 57

Describe the placement of the prostate

Answer 57

Immediately inferior to the bladder

Question 58

Name the opening of the urethra in the penis

Answer 58

The external urethral orifice or Urethral meatus

Question 59

Name and describe surgical male sterilisation

Answer 59

Vasectomy Both vas deferens are transected, and their lumens and sutured closed