Intro to Tox & Calcs

Question 1

What is toxicology?

Answer 1

The study and science of poisons (toxicants)

Question 2

What is a toxicant?

Answer 2

A substance (poison) that may interfere with life processes or biological functions

Question 3

What other sciences is toxicology related to?

Answer 3

Pharmacology, clinical medicine, infectious diseases, pathology, histology, physiology, biochemistry, anatomy

Question 4

What are xenobiotics?

Answer 4

Foreign chemicals not produced by the body

Question 5

What are the two sources of toxicants?

Answer 5

Natural or synthetic

Question 6

What are some examples of natural toxicants?

Answer 6

Plant, animal, mineral, fungi or bacteria, gas

Question 7

What are some examples of synthetic toxicants?

Answer 7

Insecticides, organophosphates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, organic herbicides

Question 8

What is poison from a biological process?

Answer 8

Biotoxin

Question 9

Define toxic.

Answer 9

Used to describe the deleterious or undesirable effects of a poison

Question 10

What is toxicosis?

Answer 10

The disease caused by exposure to a toxin

Question 11

What is the difference between acute toxicity and subacute toxicity?

Answer 11

Acute toxicity is the effect of a single dose or multiple doses over 24 hours.
Subacute toxicity is the effect produced by daily exposure from 1 day to 30 days.

Question 12

What is the difference between chronic toxicity and subchronic toxicity?

Answer 12

Chronic toxicity is the effect produced by daily exposure from 3 months or more.
Subchronic toxicity is the effect exposed by daily exposure from 30 to 90 days.

Question 13

What is chronicity factor?

Answer 13

The ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50.

Question 14

Toxicity of any substance is influenced by which several factors?

Answer 14

Species, breed, sex, individual, age, dosage of poison, duration of exposure, idiosyncrasies

Question 15

T/F: Rapidly metabolized compounds will have a low chronicity factor.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Development of tolerance due to increased metabolism will do what to the chronicity factor?

Answer 16

Decrease it

Question 17

Compounds with a cumulative effect will have a high or low chronicity factor?

Answer 17

High

Question 18

A chronicity factor of what will indicate a relatively cumulative toxin?

Answer 18

Greater than 2

Question 19

Give an example of a cumulative toxicant and a rapidly excreted toxin.

Answer 19

Cumulative= Warfarin
Excreted= Caffeine

Question 20

Extremely toxic

Answer 20

1 mg/kg or less

Question 21

Highly toxic

Answer 21

1-50 mg/kg

Question 22

Moderately toxic

Answer 22

50-500 mg/kg

Question 23

Slightly toxic

Answer 23

0.5-5 g/kg

Question 24

Practically nontoxic

Answer 24

5-15 g/kg

Question 25

Relatively harmless

Answer 25

15 g/kg

Question 26

The highest nontoxic dose (HNTD)

Answer 26

The highest or largest dose which does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations

Question 27

Maximum tolerated dose or minimal toxic dose (MTD)

Answer 27

Similar to highest nontoxic dose

Question 28

Toxic dose low (TDL)

Answer 28

The lowest dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will NOT cause death

Question 29

Toxic dose high (TDH)

Answer 29

The dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose WILL result in death

Question 30

No effect level (maximum nontoxic level)

Answer 30

The amount of a chemical that can be ingested without causing any deaths, illness or toxic alterations in any animal for the stated period

Question 31

Lethal dose

Answer 31

Dose that causes death in any animal during a period of | observation

Question 32

What kind of response is lethal dose?

Answer 32

All or none response

Question 33

LD 0

Answer 33

Highest dose that does NOT cause death

Question 34

LD 50

Answer 34

Median lethal dose, kills 50% of the animals in the group

Question 35

LD 100

Answer 35

Lowest dose that kills all the animals in the group

Question 36

What is a hazard?

Answer 36

The danger from the possibility of exposure

Question 37

How can risk factor be calculated?

Answer 37

The ratio between toxicity and use level

Question 38

Drugs can be poisons and poisons can be drugs. What is the difference?

Answer 38

The DOSE is the difference!

Question 39

1 Gal = ? mL

Answer 39

4,000 mL

Question 40

1 qt = ? mL

Answer 40

1,000 mL

Question 41

1 kg = ? L

Answer 41

1 L

Question 42

1 ton = ? kg

Answer 42

907 kg

Question 43

1 pt = ? mL

Answer 43

500 mL

Question 44

1 oz = ? g

Answer 44

30 g

Question 45

1 kg = ? lb

Answer 45

2.2 lb

Question 46

What is the most common method of expressing | concentrations in veterinary toxicology?

Answer 46

Parts per million (ppm)

Question 47

1 ppm

Answer 47

1 mg/ kg = 1 mg/ L = 1 mcg/ g

Question 48

1 ppb

Answer 48

1 mcg/ kg = 1 mcg/ L

Question 49

ppm to percentage

Answer 49

1 ppm = 0.0001%

Question 50

To convert from ppm to %

Answer 50

Move decimal point 4 places to the LEFT

Question 51

To convert from % to ppm

Answer 51

Move decimal point 4 places to the RIGHT

Question 52

Weight/ volume for 1%

Answer 52

1g/ 100 mL

Question 53

1 mg%

Answer 53

1mg/ 100mL

Question 54

Dilution calculation review

Answer 54

Vol from stock sol = % required dilution / % stock solution X total vol needed

Question 55

g/ ton

Answer 55

1 g/ ton = 1.1 mg/kg

Question 56

100g/ ton

Answer 56

100 g/ ton = 110 ppm

Question 57

Toxicity (mg/kg)

Answer 57

ppm in feed X % body weight feed consumed daily

Question 58

1 lb/ acre

Answer 58

1 lb/ acre = 7mg/ kg