Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
What is a Map?
A
- form of communication
- cartography is the art and science of map making
2
Q
What are the needs for maps?
A
- store information
- analyze information
- compare information
3
Q
Kinds of Map?
A
- road maps
- topographic maps
- landscape map
- social map
4
Q
Thematic Maps
A
- portray a single or associated group of features that depict a specific theme
- maps consist of a base map for locational reference and one or more thematic layers
5
Q
What are the two types of thematic maps?
A
6
Q
List Qualitative Map Features
A
Location, Boundaries, Routes, Nominal
7
Q
List Quantitative Features of a Map
A
Isopleths, Proportional Symbols, Dot Maps, Cartograms, Flow Maps, Choropleths
8
Q
What is a Virtual Map
A
a map that is viewable, but without physical or tangible reality
9
Q
What is a mental map?
A
general description as mental images that have spatial attributes
10
Q
How are Maps and GIS related?
A
- GIS excels in processing geographical information
- better at processing and analyzing data
11
Q
What are the essentials map elements?
A
Title mapped area map symbols legend annotation location maps ancillary elements scale north arrow graticule borders and neatlines credits
12
Q
Main map elements
A
title scale north arrow legend neatline
13
Q
Does a map need a title
A
YES
14
Q
Does the map need a scale
A
depends
- if the map involves distance measurements
- for thematic map you do not need a scale bar
- if the scale has been enlarged or reduced then add a scale bar
15
Q
Does a map need a north arrow?
A
- if the scale is small, if projection is not conformal then it does not need one
- if the orientation is not “up is north”
16
Q
Does a map need a neatline?
A
Yes
- acts to contain all data
17
Q
Does a map need a legend?
A
Yes
- list the symbols on the map
18
Q
What are other elements?
A
- Name of cartographer
- data source
- projection
19
Q
What were John Kriegers Six Commandments
A
- Map Important information
- dont lie
- label effectively
- minimize map noise
- map layout matters
- evaluate your map
20
Q
What are the five primarly design principles for cartography?
A
- visual contrast
- legibility
- figure ground organization
- hierarchical organization
- balance
21
Q
What is visual contrast?
A
when features stand out depending on their colour differences
22
Q
What is legibility?
A
Having text seen and understood
bolding text is helpful
23
Q
What is Figure Ground?
A
The ability to separate elements based upon contrast
24
Q
What is Hierarchical Organization ?
A
presentation of elements based on significance
25
What is the typical organization scheme?
1. symbols
2. title, legend, materials
3. base map
4. water features
5. other map
6. map sourcing
7. neatline
26
What is balance with mapping
if not done right affects quality and interpretation
27
What is communication and visualization in mapping?
the representation of data in a viewable and understanding format
28
What is scale?
```
ratio of map units to ground units
shows
- distances
-area
-slope
```
29
How big are items on the map is they are large scale
individual items will be smaller
30
How big are items on a small scale map?
individual items will be large
31
Effects of scale
small scale :
- mapped area is large
- level of detail is low
- level of abstraction is high
- symbolization is more generalized
large scale:
- mapped area is small
- level of detail is high
- level of abstraction is low
- symbolization is less generalized
32
What are the four processes of generalization ?
1. selection
2. classification
3. symbolization
4. simplification
33
Describe Selection
choose data to include and exclude depending on theme
34
Describe Classification
organization of datasets into groups
35
symbolization
two types
1. replicative or real life objects (tree)
2. abstract or not real life objects (square)
36
Describe Simplification
a generalization of actual map features
37
Transformations in Map Communication
1. when the map is created
| 2. when the map is interpreted
38
Ethics in Cartography
1. always have a straight forward agenda
2. always strive to know the audience
3. do not intentionally lie with data
4. always show relevant data
39
what are the 6 design criteria to consider for lettering ?
```
presence vs absence
form
colour
style
size
placement
```
40
Factors to consider for lettering
1. legibility
2. perceptibility
3. harmony
4. search time
5. suitability for production/reproduction
6. contrast
7. consistency
41
What are the function of lettering ?
```
Nominal Symbol (classes belong to systematic features)
Ordinal Symbol (show hierarchy among geographical places through size, tone, boldness)
```
42
What are design criteria to consider?
```
presence vs absense
style
form
size
colour
plaecment
```
43
What are the four things to know about vocabulary
type family
type style
type face
type size
44
what are the general guidelines for font style?
upper case for titles
upper case for primary areas
title case for subtitles
bold to inter difference in quanitiy
45
Rules for front type
```
stick to one
change
- style
-size
-colour
```
46
Things to remember with font size
smallest recognizable font = 6pt
Size different should be very clear
avoid too many size differences
47
When does crammping occur in letter spacing?
double OO
letters with strong lines NINE
OAJLPTV looks like there are holes in the word
48
Where is the best label palcement
label 1 (top right)
label 2 (top left)
label 3 (bottom right)
label 4 (bottom left)
label 7
label 2 label 1
label 6 label 5
label 4 label 3
label 8
49
What are the general guidelines for label placement
- above rather than below
- repeated for long features
- lines may be interrupted
- curved lettering
- avoid anyting upside down
50
What are some reminders for font colour
never use yellow on white, red on green, blue on black
51
What are some factors to consider with typography?
1. legibility
2. preceptibility
3. harmony
4. search time
5. suitability for production/reproduction
6. contrast
7. consistency
52
What is Choropleth Mapping?
- area + value
- mapping with symbolized applied areas
- mapping areal aggregated data
- uses different shading, colours
53
How is choropleth mapping separated?
- continuous value within units that are separated by abrupt boundaries
- uniformity within the data units
54
What are some Aspatial Data Requirements
- ratios, proportions, percentages, rates
55
Explain the four parts of derived data
1. ratio : frequency of a phenomena compared to another
2. proportion : ratio between total in one group compared to total in all groups
3. percent : proportion expressed as the number out of 100
4. rate : number out of a large number
56
Define some natural areal units
- drainage basins
- ecoregions
- land cover/use
- soil boundaries
57
Define some artificial areal units
- political
| - census tract
58
what is MAUP
modified areal unit problem
- placing space into a region
- data collected using boundaries
- data results change when you move boundary lines
59
What are choropleth map considerations
number and size of areal units
| data is available at multiple levels
60
How to map qualitative areal data
- simple presence and absence
- area on the map are different by colour, shading, pattern
- nominal data
61
What is a chorochromatic map ?
different coloured areas
| pattern has no meaning besides present and absence
62
Mapping quantitative data
- choropleth maps
| - size of data is dependent on the same colour region
63
what are the two different types of choropleth maps?
1. classless (puts colour to regions instead of grouping polygons into classes)
2. range-graded choropleth map (data grouped into classes)
64
Classless Choropleth maps
- if these maps loose their boundaries they arent really considered choropleth maps
65
Range Graded?
- class intervals are key to success with choropleth maps
| - classifys data
66
What are the six steps in choropleth mapping?
1. is the data suitable?
2. order data (rank order)
3. classes or range graded
4. determine the number of classes
5. determine the number of intervals (class break)
6. determine visual clues to differentiate between classes
67
How many classes is best to use?
4-6 everyone should be able to understand the data
68
Number of classes
```
fewer = louder message
more = more information which may lead to confusion
```
69
Natural Breaks Jenks
- Classes are based on natural grouping present in the data
- makes break points by picking class breaks
- maximizes the difference between classes
70
Quantile
- each class contains an equal number of features
- this can be misleading
- features with widely different values can be put in the same class
71
Equal Intervals
- divides the range of attributes values in equal sized subranges
- you can specify the number of intervals
- you determine where the breaks sould be
72
Standard Deviation
- shows how far off some data is from the mean
- two colour ramp is used for this
- boundaries based on mean and SD
73
Class Boundaries by Optimization
- minimize variance within class
| - maximize variance between class
74
What is a GVF test ?
sum of squared deviation between classes / total sum of squared deviation
75
How can you calculate SSDBG
its the total variation = between group variation + within group variation
76
GVF Test
- value of 1 is optimal
77
Where to set class intervals?
- constant step methods
- common differences
- quantiles
- normal distribution
- nested means
78
Common Difference = Equal Interval
1. calculate range
2. common difference
3. n= class number and UCL is an upper class limit
