Introduction

Question 1

define mycology

Answer 1

the study of fungus

Question 2

what is fungus

Answer 2

chlorophyll free unicellular or multicellular Eukaryotic organism which reproduce by sexually or asexually

Question 3

what is mycoses

Answer 3

fungal infections are called

Question 4

structures of fungal cell

Answer 4

cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
capsule

Question 5

cell wall components

Answer 5

Chitin,Glucan,Mannan
structural and enzymatic proteins
Glycoproteins

Question 6

functions of cell wall

Answer 6

protection
rigidity and strength
shape
reproduction

Question 7

cell membrane contents

Answer 7

Ergosterol
Zymosterol

Question 8

is capsule essential?

Answer 8

No,its non essential

Question 9

which fungus has capsule?

Answer 9

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 10

does histoplasma capsulatum posses capsule?

Answer 10

No

Question 11

difference between fungal and bacterial cell wall

Answer 11

Chitin - Peptidoglycan

Question 12

beneficial effect of fungus

Answer 12

drugs
edible mushroom
culture foods
bio remediation
and environmental benefits

Question 13

what are the drugs made by fungus

Answer 13

antibiotics
(penicillin g)
antifungal
(Griseofulvin)
immunosuppressants
(Ciclosporin)
statins
(Mevastatin,Lovastatin)

Question 14

source of penicillin

Answer 14

penicillium chrysogenum

Question 15

source of Griseofulvin

Answer 15

penicillium chrysogenum

Question 16

what are the edible mushrooms

Answer 16

Agaricus bisporus - salads,soups
Molds - cheese production

Question 17

what are the fungal toxins

Answer 17

Amnitin,Phalloidin(Amanita Mushroom) - Liver necrosis(by inhibiting RNS polymerase)
Aflatoxin(Aspergillus flavus) - liver cancer(produce epoxide and cause mutation p53 gene)

Question 18

Pathogenesis

Answer 18

1.inflammation
(Formation of granuloma
, acute suppuration)
2.mycotoxicoses
3.allergy

Question 19

which immunity gives protection against Fungus?

Answer 19

Cell mediated immunity

Question 20

does acquired immunity gives protection against fungus?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

which antibodies are produced against fungus?

Answer 21

IgG and IgM

Question 22

why bacteria cannot grow in fungal culture?

Answer 22

1.low pH
2.Antibacterial agent(penicillin,chloramphenicol,Streptomycin,Cycloheximide)

Question 23

what are the specimen

Answer 23

skin scrapping
nail clipping
hair plucking
swabs
aspirated pus
Biopsy material

Question 24

What are the process of lab diagnosis

Answer 24

Direct microscopic examination
isolation from culture
serology
PCR
mass spectrometry

Question 25

How specimen is treated during microscopic examination

Answer 25

Using 10% KOH to dissolve tissue material like ( keratin epithelial cells leukocytes debris) or staining with special fungal stains. Calcofluor white Methenamine silver stain

Question 26

What is the culture media

Answer 26

Sabouraud's dextrose agar

Question 27

Temperature in culture media

Answer 27

25 degree Celsius and 37 degree Celsius for 2 to 3 weeks in Aerobic condition

Question 28

What are the serological test

Answer 28

CFT latex aglutination test

Question 29

Are Serological test reliable?

Answer 29

Nope. 1.Normally antibody sir present due to normal flora 2. immunity against fungal diseases cell mediated

Question 30

What are the process of fungal reproduction

Answer 30

Sexual and asexual

Question 31

What are the sexual spores

Answer 31

Zygospore Ascospores Basidiospores

Question 32

What are the asexual spores

Answer 32

Chlamydospores Arthrospores Blastospores Sporangiospores

Question 33

Zygospore

Answer 33

Single large spore with thick walls (Rhizopus,Mucor)

Question 34

Ascospores

Answer 34

Formed in a sac (Histoplasma,Microsporum)

Question 35

Basidiospores

Answer 35

Externally on tip of a pedestal called basidium. Cryptococcus

Question 36

Chlamydospores

Answer 36

One cell analysis and specialise to form a spore Rounded, thick walled, quiet resistant Candida albicans

Question 37

Arthrospores

Answer 37

Arise by fragmentation of the ends of hyphae Coccidioides immitis

Question 38

Blastospores

Answer 38

Formed by budding process Yeasts

Question 39

Sporangiospores

Answer 39

Formed within a sac on a stalk by molds rhizopus and mucor

Question 40

Fungi imperfect

Answer 40

Do not form sexual spore

Question 41

Morphological classification

Answer 41

YEast yEast like fungus mold diamorphic fungus

Question 42

Yeast

Answer 42

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 43

Yeast like fungus

Answer 43

Candida albicans

Question 44

Molds

Answer 44

Rhinosporidium seeberi Dermatophytes

Question 45

Dimorphic fungus

Answer 45

Histoplasma capsulatum Coccidioides immitis Blastomyces dermatitidis Para-coccidioides brasiliensis

Question 46

Clinical classification

Answer 46

Superficial cutaneous subcutaneous systemic opportunistic

Question 47

Superficial

Answer 47

Malassezia furfur Hortaea werneckii Piedraia hortae Trichosporon species

Question 48

Cutaneous

Answer 48

Dermatophytes, candida

Question 49

Subcutaneous

Answer 49

Sporothrix schenckii Phialophora verrucosa Madruella mycetomatis Exophiala ,Bipolaris

Question 50

Systemic

Answer 50

Histoplasma capsulatum Coccidioides immitis Blastomyces dermatitis Para-coccidioides brasiliensis

Question 51

Opportunistic

Answer 51

Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Aspergillus fumigatus Penicillium marneffeii Mucor

Question 52

According to method of reproduction

Answer 52

#Sexual Ascomycotina Basidiomycotina Zygomycotina #asexual Deuteromycotina

Question 53

Yeast Vs molds

Answer 53

Uni - multi Spherical/elliptical - filaments Budding/binary fission - sexual/asexual

Question 54

Dimorphic forms

Answer 54

Mold 22 to 25 degree Celsius room temperature Yeast 37 degree Celsius host tissue

Question 55

Systemic antifungal

Answer 55

Amphotericin b Azoles ( fluconazole ,ketoconazol, itraconazole, voriconazol,posaconazol) Echinocandins (Caspofungin,Micafungin) Flucytosin Griseofulvin

Question 56

Topical use skin only

Answer 56

Azoles (Clotrimazole, Miconazole) Terbinafine Tolnaftate Nystatin

Question 57

Systemic cell membrane inhibitor

Answer 57

Amphotericin B - binds to ergosterol and disrupts fungal cell membrane Azoles - inhibit synthesis of ergosterol

Question 58

Systemic cell wall inhibitors

Answer 58

Echinocandins(Caspofungin, Micafungin)-inhibit synthesis of d glucan

Question 59

Inhibit DNA synthesis

Answer 59

Flucytosin - convert to fluorouracic and inhibit thymidine synthetase

Question 60

Disrupts mitotic spindle

Answer 60

Griseofulvin - binding to tubulin

Question 61

Topical cell membrane inhibitor

Answer 61

Azoles (Clotrimazole, Miconazole) Terbinafine Tolnaftate All inhibit ergosterol synthesis Nystatin -bind ergosterol and disrupts membrane

Question 62

Amphotericin B

Answer 62

Bind and disrupts

Question 63

Azole

Answer 63

Inhibit synthesis

Question 64

Terbinafine

Answer 64

Inhibit synthesis

Question 65

Nystatin

Answer 65

Bind and disrupt

Question 66

Caspofungin

Answer 66

Inhibit synthesis of D glucan