Introduction Flashcards
(I) How many countries and people are in Latin America?
54 countries and 925 million people
(I) What three main languages are spoken in Latin America?
Spanish, Portuguese, and French
(I) Why “Latin” for Latin America?
The term “America Latina” was used first by Chilean philosopher, Francisco Bilbao in 1856
(I) Who appropriated the term Latin America?
Napoleon III appropriated the term when French Empire invaded Mexico in 1860 (5 de mayo de 1862?)
(I) What is the separation in Latin America?
Separation between Anglo-Saxon America vs Latin America
(I) What are the Romance languages in Latin America?
French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian
(I) Christopher Columbus arrived where?
Christopher Columbus arrived in “La Hispaniola” (current Haiti + the Dominican Republic) in 1492
(I) Who was Christopher Columbus and who sponsored his voyages?
Columbus was an Italian explorer, and his voyages were sponsored by the Crown of Castile (predecessor of the Spanish Kingdom)
(I) Who was the German cartographer who first used the name “America” in 1502?
Martin Waldseemuller. “America” was first used to designate South America
(I) Difference between Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci’s views on America
Columbus (India) vs. Amerigo Vespucci (New Land)
(I) What did Spain not want to do?
Spain refused to name “America” and labeled it “Terra Incognita” for two centuries
(I) Globalization according to Quijano
“What is termed globalization is the culmination of a process that began with the constitution of America and colonial/modern Eurocentric capitalism as a new global power”
(I) What is the foundation of American continent?
It is the origin of Modernity (colonialism, globalization, and capitalism)
(I) What is a basic social classification for the conquerors
Race
(I) The colonizers codified the phenotype trait of the colonized as what?
Color and they assumed it as the emblematic characteristic of racial category
(I) What did Quijano say about race?
“So the conquered and dominated peoples were situated in a natural position of inferiority and as a result their phenotypic traits as well as their cultural features were considered inferior. In this way, race became the fundamental criterion for the distribution of the world population into ranks, places, and roles in the new society’s structure of power”
(I) Definition of Race by Merriam-Webster
Any one of the groups that human being are often divided into based on physical traits or ancestry; a major group of living things the human race
(I) Definition of Ethnicity by Encyclopedia Britannica
Ethnicity which relates to culturally contingent features characterizes all human groups. It refers to a sense of identity and membership in a group that shares common language, cultural traits (values, beliefs, religion, food habits, customs, etc.) and a sense of a common history
(I) A new technology of domination/exploitation is what…
In this case race/labor was articulated in such a way that the two elements appeared naturally associated
(I) Native American views according to Quijano
“The fact is that from the very beginning of the colonization of America. Europeans associated non paid or non wage labor with the dominated races because they were ‘inferior’ races. The vast genocide of the Indians in the first decades of colonization was not cause principally by the violence of the conquest nor by the plagues the conquistadors brought, but took place so MANY AMERICAN INDIANS WERE USED AS DISPOSABLES MANUAL LABOR AND FORCED TO WORK UNTIL DEATH”
