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IMMUNOSERO (LAB) > INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

In serology, our focus is on what?

A

Antibody detection

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2
Q

Why do we not use yellow SST in immunosero?

A

because clot activator such as silica can interfere with antibody reaction.

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3
Q

This can interfere in the antibody detection.

A

Silica gel

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4
Q

This is defined as the study of host reaction when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

A

Immunology

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5
Q

These foreign substances are termed as what?

A

Antigens

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6
Q

When introduced into the body, what can these foreign substances do?

A

can induce or stimulate the reaction of the immune system

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7
Q

Our immune system cannot identify self from non-self.

True or False

A

FALSE

Our immune system can identify self from non-self.

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8
Q

Immune system normally respond when a self-agent is present.

True or False

A

FALSE

Immune system DO NOT normally respond when a self-agent is present.

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9
Q

These non-self agents or foreign agents are basically invaders.

True or False

A

TRUE

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10
Q

What is an example of foreign agents?

A

Pathogens

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11
Q

This is the in vitro study of antigen-antibody reaction.

A

Serology

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12
Q

Serology is the in vivo study of antigen-antibody reaction.

True or False

A

False

In vitro

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13
Q

What does “in vitro” pertain to?

A

pertains to reactions outside the body specifically in the test tubes.

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14
Q

What does “sero” mean?

A

Serum

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15
Q

What is the preferred blood sample or body fluid in antibody detection?

A

Serum

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16
Q

These are always specific in nature.

A

Antigen-antibody reactions

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17
Q

These are the ones that will stimulate the immune system to react.

A

Antigens

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18
Q

What is the product of the immune response to these antigens?

A

Antibodies

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19
Q

What is always specific to antigen?

A

Antibody

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20
Q

Why is the detection of antibodies the main focus of serology?

A

because antibody is a product of immune response against non-self foreign invaders.

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21
Q

If antigen is the focus of the laboratory testing it is called …

A

reverse serology

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22
Q

they pertain to a specific something that came from an individual.

A

Sample and specimen

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23
Q

What is the difference between sample and specimen?

A

Specimen is unprocessed; sample is processed

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24
Q

In the serum sample, what is the target?

A

antibody

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25
Q

Since antigen-antibody reactions are always specific in nature, therefore, if antibody is the target in the serum, what would be the reagent?

A

Antigen

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26
Q

What is the target in reverse serology?

A

Antigen

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27
Q

Why should we perform serum preservation?

A

to maintain and preserve the constituents in the serum sample.

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28
Q

What are the method/s of preserving the serum sample?

A

Physical and chemical

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29
Q

How do we physically preserve the serum sample?

A

By refrigeration

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30
Q

At how many degrees should we refrigerate?

Serum preservation

A

4-6 degrees Celsius

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31
Q

When the serum is refrigerated, the serum is preserved up to how long?

A

up to 72 hours (3 days at refrigerator temp)

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32
Q

If you want to maintain the serum sample for a longer period of time, what must be done?

A

put the serum sample in the FREEZER.

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33
Q

In serum preservation, freezer temperature is …

A

-18 degrees Celsius or colder

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34
Q

At -18 degrees Celsius or colder, how is the serum sample preserved?

A

the serum sample is preserved indefinitely.

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35
Q

Lower the temperate, the shorter the serum sample is preserved

True or False

A

FALSE

the longer the serum sample is preserved

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36
Q

Lower the temperate, the shorter the serum sample is preserved

True or False

A

FALSE

the longer the serum sample is preserved

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37
Q

How is the serum sample chemically preserved?

A

with the use of chemical preservatives.

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38
Q

What are the two chemical preservatives?

A

Merthiolate powder and tricresol/5% phenol

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39
Q

How many grams of merthiolate powder must be added to chemically preserve the serum?

A

0.001 g merthiolate powder/ mL of serum

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40
Q

How many mL of 5% phenol/tricresol must be added to chemically preserve the serum?

A

0.1 mL of phenol/tricresol / mL of serum

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41
Q

if you have a 5 mL serum that you need to preserve using Merthiolate powder, how many grams of Merthiolate are you to add?

A

0.005 g

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42
Q

if you have 3 mL of serum sample that you need to preserve using tricresol, how many mL of tricresol are you to add?

A

0.3 mL

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43
Q

In the preservation of serum, which of the two methods is commonly performed in the laboratory?

A

Physical

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44
Q

If you place the serum sample in the freezer, it is only good for how many thawing?

A

One thawing

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45
Q

After thawing the serum sample, it is good for discarding. You do not re-freeze.

True or False

A

True

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46
Q

What happens when there is multiple re-freezing?

A

Multiple re-freezing can damage the constituents of the serum including antibodies

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47
Q

Why do we inactivate serum samples?

A

To eliminate or destroy unneeded/unwanted serum proteins

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48
Q

In inactivation of serum, what is the primary or main target protein?

A

complement proteins

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49
Q

What are the two methods to inactivate serum?

A

Physical and chemical

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50
Q

How is physical inactivation of serum done?

A

By heating the serum sample

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51
Q

At what temperature and for how long must we heat the serum sample for inactivation?

A

56 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes

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52
Q

If 30 minutes is too long, how can shorten the heating time?

A

By increasing the temperature for heating.

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53
Q

To shorten the heating time, at how many degrees must we increase the temperature, and for how long?

A

60-62 degree Celsius, 3-4 mins

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54
Q

To shorten the heating time, at how many degrees must we increase the temperature, and for how long?

A

60-62 degree Celsius, 3-4 mins

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55
Q

The shorter the heating time, the higher the temperature must be

True or False

A

True

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56
Q

How is chemical inactivation of serum done?

A

By using chemical inactivators.

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57
Q

What is the commonly used chemical inactivator?

A

Choline chloride

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58
Q

Why must complement proteins be eliminated?

A

To prevent complement proteins from interfering with the antigen-antibody reaction.

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59
Q

If complement proteins are needed in the procedure/if the test requires complement protein activity, inactivation should still be performed

True or False

A

False

inactivation should NOT be performed.

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60
Q

it is the lowest amount of an analyte that can be measured by an assay.

A

Sensitivity

61
Q

The higher the concentration that can be assayed, the higher is the test sensitivity.

True or False

A

False

the lower the concentration

62
Q

it is the detection of a particular analyte in the sample using a particular assay.

A

Specificity

63
Q

It is a test that has high specificity and high sensitivity.

A

Gold standard

64
Q

These are what we use during confirmatory testing.

A

Gold standard tests

65
Q

It is a laboratory that performs gold standard confirmatory tests.

A

Reference laboratory

66
Q

What is the Reference laboratory for biochemistry?

A

Lung Center of the Philippines

67
Q

What is the reference laboratory for infectious diseases (patients)?

A

San Lazaro - SACCL

68
Q

What does SACCL mean?

A

STD-AIDS Cooperative Council

69
Q

This is the reference laboratory for infectious diseases for patients.

A

San Lazaro - SACCL

70
Q

This is the reference laboratory for infectious diseases for [blood] donors.

A

TTI-NRL-RITM

71
Q

What does TTI-NRL-RITM stand for?

A

Transfusion Transmissible Infections - National Reference Laboratory - Research Institute for Tropical Medicine

72
Q

It is the sum total strength of interaction between a complex or multivalent antigen and antibody.

A

Avidity

73
Q

It is the strength of interaction between a monovalent or simple antigen and antibody.

A

Affinity

74
Q

What is the similarity between Avidity and Affinity?

A

The two pertains to interaction strength.

75
Q

Wha is the difference between Avidity and Affinity?

A

The antigen type to which the antibody combines or interacts.

76
Q

It is the interaction/cross linking/cross bridging of antibodies adjacent to the antigen.

A

Lattice formation

77
Q

When there is lattice formation, what is the visible end result?

A

Agglutination

78
Q

What is the reciprocal of the highest dilution that shows/presents a positive reaction (i.e., agglutination)?

A

Titer

79
Q

What is titer used for?

A

to report the antibody level/antibody concentration in the serum.

80
Q

In antibody testing/serology laboratory testing, what are the two methods always done?

A

Qualitative and quantitative

81
Q

It is performed to detect the presence of antibodies.

A

Qualitative method

82
Q

It is determined through titer measurement.

A

Quantitative method

83
Q

If the antibody is present in the serum, in the qualitative procedure, the quantitative method is no longer done.

True or False

A

False

If the antibody is absent in the serum

84
Q

What are the Uses/Applications of serology in medicine/science?

DxDxSPF

A
  1. Diagnosis of infectious diseases
  2. Diagnosis of immunological abnormalities
  3. Serotyping/serologic ID of microorganisms
  4. Phylogenic classification
  5. Forensic medicine
85
Q

What is the outcome when there is a decreased/low specificity in the laboratory procedure?

FACTORS AFFECTING THE OUTCOME OF SEROLOGIC TESTS

A

False positive

86
Q

What is the tendency when there is a False positive?

FACTORS AFFECTING THE OUTCOME OF SEROLOGIC TESTS

A

Tendency for cross-reaction due to its low specificity

87
Q

Cross-reaction is due to what?

A

Low specificity

88
Q

What are examples of the Causes of a False positive outcome?

Bacte, Hemo, Delay

A

Bacterial contamination, hemolysis, delay in reading slide agglutination test

89
Q

When there is a false negative result, what is the result?

A

Decreased/low sensitivity

90
Q

What is are the causes of a false negative?

A

Prozone or Post zone

91
Q

For a true positive reaction to occur, there must be what?

A

Point of Equivalence

92
Q

This point is where the antibody concentration/titer must be at equilibrium or proportional to the amount of antigen present.

A

Point of Equivalence

93
Q

If levels/concentration of antigen does not equal the amount of antibody, or vice versa, what is a result?

A

Zonal effect/phenomenon

94
Q

This is a zonal effect wherein the antibody is excessive to a point that it is no longer proportional to the antigen present.

A

Prozone

95
Q

This is a zonal effect wherein the antigen is excessive to a point that it is no longer proportional to the antibody present.

A

Post zone

96
Q

What is the reaction when there is a zonal effect/phenomenon causing it be false negative.

A

There is no visible reaction when there is a ZONAL EFFECT / PHENOMENON

97
Q

When there is a zonal effect, it is false negative

True or False

A

True

98
Q

How can we correct or remedy zonal effects?

A

Through [serial] dilution

99
Q

What are the factors affecting the outcome of serologic tests?

+-IOT

A
  1. False positive
  2. False negative
  3. improper time and temperature of incubation
  4. Omission of the reagent serum
  5. Toor early infection
100
Q

Cross reaction – antibody sharing

True or False

A

False

antigen sharing

101
Q

A cross-reaction has what end result?

A

False positive

102
Q

In performing serum electrophoresis, antibodies are found where?

A

Gamma

103
Q

Antibodies are also known as …

A

gammaglobulins

104
Q

What are the commonly tested antibodies in serology.

A

IgG and IgM

105
Q

This is the warm-reacting antibody

A

IgG

106
Q

This is the cold-reacting antibody

A

IgM

107
Q

If target antibody in the serum is IgG, what must be used to optimize the reaction of IgG?

A

An incubator and water bath

108
Q

If target antibody in the serum is IgG, what must be used to optimize the reaction of IgG?

A

An incubator and water bath

109
Q

If the target antibody in the serum is IgM, what must be done?

A

incubate at room temperature.

110
Q

Reagent must always be added first before the sample

True or False

A

True

111
Q

This is the time where antibodies are already produced by the patient against the infectious agent.

A

recovery stage/convalescence stage.

112
Q

For antibody detection, when must blood be collected?

A

at the recovery stage/convalescence stage.

113
Q

There is a high antibody production at the recovery stage

True or False

A

True

114
Q

When we test blood from a Px, while they are sick or not at recovery stage, what is the end result? Why?

A

False Negative; May sakit yung pasyente/infection tas wala lang antibodies kasi hindi pa nagpproduce kaya walang madetect sa test.

115
Q

It is an immunologic reaction wherein there is a combination of antigens and antibodies.

A

Primary

116
Q

This is an immunologic reaction with a nonvisible reaction.

A

Primary

117
Q

Since a primary immunologic reaction is a nonvisible reaction, what must be added for you to demonstrate a visible reaction?

A

LABELS/CONJUGATES

118
Q

Why must we add labels/conjugates to a primary immunologic reaction?

A

to demonstrate a visible reaction

119
Q

These are added to the reagent to demonstrate the positive reaction/end product, and to allow measurement of the product.

A

LABELS/CONJUGATES

120
Q

What are the two types of conjugates?

A
  1. Non isotopic label
  2. Isotopic label
121
Q

these are labels that DO NOT emit radioactivity.

A

non isotopic label

122
Q

What are examples of non isotopic lables?

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Fluorescent probes
  3. colloidal particles/insoluble particles
123
Q

What is an example of a non-isotopic labelled procedure?

A

ELISA

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

124
Q

these are labels that emit radioactivity.

A

Isotopic label

125
Q

What is an example of an isotopic label?

A

Radioactive iodine

126
Q

The only laboratory that utilizes isotopic labels are …

A

NUCLEAR MEDICINE LABORATORIES

127
Q

An example of primary reaction tests are the …

A

IMMUNOASSAYS

128
Q

The name of the immunoassay is based on the label used

True or False

A

True

129
Q

Examples wherein the name of the immunoassay is based on the label used:

A

ELISA, Fluorescent immunoassay, radioimmunoassay

130
Q

The name of the immunoassay is based on what?

A

the label used

131
Q

This immunologic reaction involves demonstrable antigen-antibody reaction.

A

Secondary

132
Q

What are the types of immunologic reactions?

A

Primary, secondary, and tertiary

133
Q

This immunologic reaction is a visible reaction.

A

Secondary

134
Q

Labels/conjugates are still used in the secondary immunologic reactions

True or False

A

False

no longer used

135
Q

The procedure for the secondary reaction tests is simple and rapid.

True or False

A

True

136
Q

These are used for the basis for routine immunologic/serologic tests.

A

Secondary reaction tests

137
Q

This immunologic reaction is used for the basis for routine immunologic/serologic tests.

A

Secondary immunologic reactions

138
Q

What are examples of secondary immunologic reactions?

A

Agglutination and precipitation

139
Q

This immunologic reaction involves immunologically active in vivo

A

Tertiary

140
Q

Tertiary immunologic reactions involve immunologically active in vitro

True or False

A

False

in vivo

141
Q

This is an immunologic reaction wherein biologic reactions are detectable.

A

Tertiary

142
Q

Examples of tertiary reactions (in vivo reactions) that are demonstrated in vitro

A

phagocytosis, opsonization, chemotaxis

143
Q

Among the three reactions, which is the most sensitive and the most specific?

A

Primary immunologic reactions

144
Q

excessive antigen

decreased sensi or decreased speci

A

decreased sensitivity

145
Q

omission of reagent serum

decreased sensi or decreased speci

A

decreased sensitivity

146
Q

too early infection

decreased sensi or decreased speci

A

decreased sensitivity

147
Q

cross reaction

decreased sensi or decreased speci

A

decreased specificity

148
Q

cross reaction

decreased sensi or decreased speci

A

decreased specificity

149
Q

microbial contamination

decreased sensi or decreased speci

A

decreased specificity

IMMUNOSERO (LAB) (3 decks)

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