Introduction Flashcards by pola ry

study of factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of disease in a population

epidemiology

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basic science of public health and the practice of clinical medicine

epidemiology

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A person that deals with data from groups of patients or even population

epidemiologist

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the science of collecting, analyzing, presenting and interpreting data

statistics

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statistics in two ways

statistics as a method
statistics as a data

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statistics type

it refers to the orderly processes of data collection, presentation and interpretation

statistics as a method

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statistics type

concerned with:
•the determination of types of data to be collected
•how they are to be collected
•organization for collection
•tabulation of data
•computation of Rates/frequency, graphic presentation
•mathematical procedures for purpose of estimates and comparisons
•drawing of conclusion from the processed data

statistics as a method

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statistics type

refers to quantitative data affected to a marked extent by a multiplicity of causes

data are collected in order to measure something

statistics as a data

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statistics type

concerned with:
number of deaths
number of birth
number of death with specific disease

statistics as a data

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2 branches of statistics

descriptive statistics
inferential statistics

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branch of statistics

refers to the different methods in order to summarize and present data, those questions answerable by what, where, how many

descriptive statistics

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branch of statistics

methods involved in order to make generalization and conclusion about a target population, based on results from sample
examples: estimation of parameters, hypothesis of the study

inferential statistics

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uses of statistics

answering two categories of problem

problem of estimates
problems of comparison

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use of statistics - category of problem

•recognition and quantification of health problems at present and in the future
•current and projected health manpower
•estimate of services needed to eliminate or reduced problem
•corresponding requirements of man, money and materials

problem of estimates

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use of statistics - category of problem

•diagnosing the health situation
•in supervising the implementation of programs and in evaluation

problems of comparison

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2 Classification of data

Counts/Enumeration data
Measurements

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Classification of data

refers to the number of events or observation

Counts/Enumeration data

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Classification of data

-there are no fractional value
-always expressed as whole numbers they vary by finite or specific amount
-they are regarded as discrete and referred as discontinues variates
-important to remember when one is determining the type of graphs use

Counts/Enumeration data

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Classification of data

number of people in the community or country
number of birth, death, sick person

Counts/Enumeration data

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4 Other statistical data

demographic
health status
health resources
health

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Other statistical data

population, size, age, sex

demographic

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Other statistical data

causes and distribution of mortality and morbidity

health status

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Other statistical data

number and distribution of health facilities, health manpower

health resources

Other statistical data

related socio environmental factors
examples: water supply, excrete disposal,
school environment

health

things you measure, manipulate and control in statistics and research

variables

2 types of variables

qualitative variables quantitative variables

type of variable one whose categories are simply used as labels to distinguish one group to another examples: sex, color of skin

qualitative variables

type of variable measured and ordered according to quantity. Has 2 types

quantitative variables

2 types quantitative variable

discrete continuous

type of quantitative variable it can be assume only integral values or whole number

discrete

type of quantitative variable it can attain any value including fraction or decimal

continuous

5 classification of variables

nominal dichotomous/binary variables ordinal continuous/dimensional ratio

classification of variable label or categories not based on measurement examples: blood groups, occupations, food group, blood type, skin color

nominal

classification of variable variables With only 2 levels examples: male/Female, normal/abnormal value, well/sick, living/dead, present/absent

dichotomous/binary variables

classification of variable ranked or ordered examples: mild, moderate, severe, good, Fair, poor

ordinal

classification of variable show not only the position of the different observations relative to each other, but also the extent to which one observation is different from another examples: blood pressure, patient's height, weight, systolic and diastolic

continuous/dimensional

classification of variable zero point is fixed examples: weight, height, Kelvin temperature scale

ratio

agency charged with collection of health data: civil registry,local office or local chief of police

local government

3 agencies charged with collection of health data

: local government census/statistics office (PSA) Health departments

agency charged with collection of health data: conduct periodic population census/survey

census/statistics office (PSA)

agency charged with collection of health data: collect statistics on birth, death, sickness, disability, health services, health facilities and health manpower for its use in planning, implemention and evaluation of health programs ad projects

Health departments

collection of health data each country has its own ____ governing the registration of vital events and collection of data

laws

collection of health data most health data are collected at ___________ level by health workers and are transformed to _______ levels of administration until they reach the __________________ level

grass roots higher central/national

2 types of data to be collected

for health policy formulation for hospital management

type of data to be collected collect data for the assessment of health status, the size, structure, growth and distribution of the population, the organization, responsibilities and performance of the health sector and the activities and plans of sectors relevant to health service delivery and the state of health

for health policy formulation

type of data to be collected details of hospitals resource utilization, how much is the cost of a particular service and how much is the charge, income, expenditure

for hospital management

Problem of comparison phenomenon whose value remains the same from person to person, from time to time or from place to place. Ex: number of minutes in an hour

CONSTANT (fixed)

- phenomenon whose values or categories cannot be predicted with certainty. Ex: age of gestation, weight.

VARIATION (varied)

4 SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS

NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT - label or categories ex: gender

NOMINAL

SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS – ranked or ordered ex: mild, moderate, severe

ORDINAL

SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS - exact distance between two categories can be determined but the zero point is arbitrary ex: temperature

INTERVAL

SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS - zero point is fixed ex: weight, height

RATIO

2 TYPE OF DATA TO BE COLLECTED

PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

TYPE OF DATA TO BE COLLECTED - personally collected data

PRIMARY DATA

TYPE OF DATA TO BE COLLECTED - borrowed data

SECONDARY DATA