Introduction Flashcards

(78 cards)

1
Q

Microbiology is the field of science that studies _____

A

microorganism/microbes/microscopic organism

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2
Q

Give six (6) types of microbes

A
  • viruses
  • archaeobacteria
  • eubacteria
  • fungi (not all are minute)
  • algae (not all are minute)
  • protozoa
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3
Q

Microbiology derived its name from three Greek words:
____ (ā€˜small’)
_____ (ā€˜life’)
_____ (ā€˜science’)

A

mikros (ā€˜small’)
bios (ā€˜life’)
logia (ā€˜science’)

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4
Q

Study of life too small to be seen by unaided eye

A

Mcrobiology

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5
Q

Microbes need microscope at <____ mm for us to see them

A

< 0.1 mm

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6
Q

Using techniques of microbiology

A
  • isolate microorganism
  • study their characteristics
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7
Q

Can be eukaryotic, archaeal, or bacterial

A

Microorganism

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8
Q

Microorganism can be ____, _____, or _____

A

eukaryotic, archaeal, or bacterial

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9
Q
  • Lack membrane bound nucleus
  • self replicate
A

prokaryotes

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10
Q

Prokaryotes lack ______

A

membrane bound nucleus

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11
Q

Prokaryotes can self ____

A

self replicate

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12
Q

Two (2) microbes under prokaryotes

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
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13
Q

Relative size and detection device of atom

A

size: 0.1 nm
detection device: electron microscope

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14
Q

size: 0.1 nm
detection device: elecrton microscope

A

atom

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15
Q

Microorganisms typically live in complex____

A

microbial communities

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16
Q

Two (2) majors in the field of microbiology

A

Basic Microbiology and Applied Microbiology

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17
Q

Where the fundamental nature and properties of microorganisms are studied

A

Basic Microbiology

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18
Q

where information learned from basic microbiology is employed to control and use microorganism in beneficial ways.

A

Applied Microbiology

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19
Q

Fields in Basic Microbiology

A
  • By organisms
  • By process
  • Disease related
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20
Q

Fields in Applied Microbiology

A
  • Disease related
  • Environmentally related
  • Industrial
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21
Q

Contributions of microbes

A

-Keeps us healthy
- Makes air breathable
- Provides new source of medicine
- Helps us digest food
- Keeps our environment clean
- Support and protect crops

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22
Q

He described the fruiting structure of molds in 1665

A

Robert Hooke

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23
Q

Robert Hooke described the ______ in 1665

A

fruiting structure of molds

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24
Q

First person to describe microorganism

A

Robert Hooke

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25
used primitive microscope to observe river water, pepper, infusions, saliva and feces (see minute, moving object which he called animalcules)
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
26
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used primitive microscope to observe river water, pepper, infusions, saliva and feces (see minute, moving object which he called ____)
animalcules
27
He discovered bacteria in 1676 where he made drawings and reported his observations to the Royal Society of London
Anton Van Leewenhoek
28
-Trained as botanist - Founded the field of bacteriology and discovered bacterial endospores of bacillus
Ferdinand Cohn
29
Credited for the use of cotton for closing flasks and tubes
Ferdinand Cohn
30
Ferdinand Cohn founded the field of bacteriology and discovered ______
bacterial endospores of bacillus
31
Ferdinand Cohn was credited for the use of _____ for closing flasks and tubes
cotton
32
Two (2) schools of thought on the origin of microorganisms
- Abiogeneis - Biogenesis
33
- Life arose from non-living - Concept of Spontaneous Generation - Started from the Greeks
- Abiogenesis
34
Abiogenesis started from the ____ and was introduced by ____ in 1745
- Greeks - John Needham
35
Life arose from life
Biogenesis
36
They carried out experiments that refuted spontaneous generation
- Francesco Redi - Lazzaro Spallanzani - Louis Pasteur - John Tyndall
37
- French chemist - disproved the theory of spontaneous generation using his swan-neck flask which was heated to eliminate contamination
Louis Pasteur
38
Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation using his ________ which was heated to eliminate contamination
swan-neck flask
39
process of killing all the bacteria or microorganism in or on objects
sterilization
40
occurs when grape juice is allowed to stand and through a series of biochemical changes, alcohol and other substances are produced from grape sugar
fermentation
41
contained the desired kind of microbe
starter culture
42
preserved the wine by heating it to 50-60 °C
Pasteurization
43
applied today in canning and preservation of many foods
pasteurization
44
silk industry
pasteur
45
anthrax
koch
46
- german physician - development of methods for study of bacteria pure culture
Robert Koch
47
Koch postulate
1. A specific microorganism should be always associated with a given disease 2. The microorganism should be isolated and grown in pure culture in the laboratory 3. The pure culture of of the microorganism should produce the disease when introduced into a susceptible host 4. It is possible to recover (reisolate) the injected microorganism from the experimentally infected host
47
The test of Koch's postulate is his discovery of the causative agent of ___
tuberculosis
47
a culture containing a single kind (species) of microorganism
pure culture
48
-English surgeon -development of the concept of aseptic technique
Joseph Lister
49
Joseph Lister developed the concept of ___ technique
aseptic
50
- Dutch botanist - enrichment culture -concept of virus
Martinus Beijerinck
51
a procedure that greatly improves the possibility of isolating special kinds of microorganisms from soil and water (nutrient and incubation requirements)
enrichment culture
52
Martinus Beijerinck concept of virus using selective filter techniques in his studies of ____ ____ virus
tobacco mosaic virus
53
- Russian microbiologist - concept of chemolithotrophy - made fundamental observations on the role of microorganisms in performing biogeochemical involving sulfur, iron, and their compounds
Sergei Winogradsky
54
Sergei Winogradsky made fundamental observations on the role of microorganisms in performing ____ involving sulfur, iron, and their compounds
biogeochemical
55
the oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation
chemolithotrophy
56
chemolithotrophy is the oxidation of ____ linked to energy conservation
inorganic compounds
57
She suggested replacing gelatin with agar
Angelina Fannie Hesse
58
Agar is a ___ derived from _____
polysaccharide ; red seaweeds
59
Proved to be superior gelling agent
Agar
60
- Military physician - assistant to R. Koch in the Imperial Health Office (Berlin) - developed petri dish from a co-worker
Julius Richard Petri
61
Julius Richard Petri developed petri dish from a co-worker named ______
Fanny Hesse
62
observed to inhibit microbial growth
Aniline dyes
63
- Discovered by Paul Ehrlich - Arsenic compound that inhibited syphilis
Salvarsan
64
Salvarsan was discovered by
Paul Ehrlich
65
Salvarsan is an ____ compound that inhibited ____
arsenic; syphilis
66
-Discovered by Alexander Fleming -Commercially available in 1939
Pencillin
67
Pencillin was discovered y
Alexander Fleiming
68
-First sultra drug by Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk - First drug to be use commercially
Prontosil
69
Prontosil is the first sultra drug by
Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk
70
-Selman Waksman and Albert Schatz - Second antibiotic
Streptomycin
71
Streptomycin was discovered by _____ and ____
Selman Waksman and Albert Schatz
72
study of total set of DNA and COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS of the genes of different organisms
Genomics
73
study of total set of PROTEINS (protein expression) in cells.
Proteomics
74
study of total set of METABOLITES in a cell or tissue or organism
Metabolomics
75
Study of total set of RNAs in a cell, tissue, or organism
Transcriptomics
76
study of entire genetic material recovered directly from an ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLE
Metagenomics