Introduction Flashcards by Samrudhi Menthe

What elements are higher in living beings than in earth’s crust
Biomolecule’s definition
Earth crust descending order elements

Relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen
All the carbon compounds that we get from living tissue
O> Si > Ca >Na > Mg >H>C>S>N

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Human element descending order
In dry weight animal cell
In dry weight plant cell
Most abundant organic compound in living organisms

O >C >H >N > Ca >S>Na >Mg >Si
Protein forms 60 - 70 % part
Carbohydrate forms 80% part because plant cell wall is made up of cellulose
Protein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Carbohydrates
Main
First
Ratio of H and O
So they are called

Main source of. Energy
Respiratory substrate
2: 1
Hydrates of carbon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Formula of carbohydrates
Sugars
Classification of carbohydrate. On basis of
Classified types

Cx(h2o)y
Simple carbohydrates which are soluble in water and sweet in taste
Monosaccharides obtained on hydrolysis
As monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Monosaccharides
In general formula
All monosaccharide occurs in
Except
Structure

Simplest sugars which cannot be further hydrolysed
X is almost equal to y i.e no. Of carbon and oxygen atom are same
All monosa. Occur in d and l form
Dihydroxy acetone because chiral carbon is absent
Is either ring or straight chain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A six membered ring
A 5 membered ring
Anomers
Occur / exist

Pyranose [ 4C +1 O ]
Furanonse
Position of -H and -OH at C1
Cyclic form
Aqueous solution, glucose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epimers
Exist
Mannose
Eg
Galactose

Also called as
Eg

Isomers formed as a result of interchange of - OH and -H on C-2,C-3,C-4 of glucose
In both linear & cyclic form
Difference on C2 carbon in glucose . Rarely occurs in free form
Present as component of some compounds e.g hemicellulose - wood
Difference on C4 carbon rarely occurs in free form
Occurs as compound of some compounds
Most abundant in brain and nervous tissue so called as brain sugar
Eg hemicellulose, lactose, pectin , glycolpid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Trioses
Formula
Eg
Tetroses
Formula
Eg

No of carbon = 3 simplest monosacc
C3H6O3
Digydroxy acetone , glyceraldehydrade
No of C =4
C4H8O4
Erythrose , Erythrulose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pentose
Common formula
Ribose +nt
Deoxyribose +nt

No of C =5
C5H10O5
In RNA ATP FAD FMN NAD
In dna
C5H10O4

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hexoses
Formula
Eg

No of C = 6
C6H12O6
Mannose
Galactose
Glucose
Fructose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Glucose
Most
Also known as
-||||—
Main
It’s rotate in direction

Abundant organic compound on earth
More abundant in grapes so also known as grape sugar
More abundant in blood so known as blood sugar
Respiratory substance
It rotates Ppl in right direction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fructose
More abundant
It rotates ppl
Heptoses
Formula
Eg

Sweetest carbohydrate
In honey and sweet fruits so also known fruit sugar
Levorotatory Ratates PPL in left direction
No of C=7 largest monosacc
C7H14O7
Sedoheptulose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Oligosaccharide are
Monosacc are linked
Elimination
Glycosidic linkage formed ( structure )

Are those carbohydrate which on hydrolysis yield 2 to 10 monosacc
Together by glycosidic bonds
One molecule of H2O
Always formed b/w ring structures of monsacc

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disaccharide are
Known as
Eg

Composed of two monosacc units
Sugar = all disaccharide are water soluble and sweet in taste
Sucrose,
Trehalose
Maltose
Lactose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Maltose
Commonly called
Monosaccharides unit
Glycosidic bond
Nature
Intermediate compound
More abundant

Malt sugar
Alpha-D- glucose + alpha -D- glucose
Alpha 1—> 4
Reducing
Of starch digestion
In germinating starchy seeds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lactose is
Monosaccharides unit
Glycosidic bond
Nature
Is
Present

Milk sugar
Beta-D- galactose + beta - D- glucose
Beta 1—> 4 reducing
Least sweet sugar
+nt only in mammals milk

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sucrose also called as
Monosaccharides unit
Linkage
Nature
Present in

Cane sugar/ table sugar/common sugar/commercial sugar
Alpha-D-glucose ( pyronose ) + beta -D- fructose
1<—> 2
Non reducing
Transport if sugar through phloem mainly occurs in form of sucrose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Trehalose +nt
Monosaccharides unit
Glycosidic bond
Nature

Study These Flashcards

In haemolymph of insects
Alpha-D-glucose + alpha -D- glucose
1<—> 1
Non reducing

Polysaccharides / glycans
Composed
Are ( in water, taste)
Are polymers
Nature
But in polysaccharides chain

Study These Flashcards

Large no of monosaccharides unit
Insoluble in water and do not taste sweet
Polymer/macromolecule of monosaccharides (monomer)
Non reducing
Right end is reducing end
Left end is non reducing end

Glycans
Nutritive
Eg
Structural

Study These Flashcards

+nt as stored food
Starch & glycogen
Used in structure formation
Eg cellulose & chitin

Homopolysaccharide composed
Eg

Study These Flashcards

Of same monomers
Cellulose
Starch
Chitin
Glycogen
Inulin

Cellulose ( branched / unbranched )
Monomer
Glycosidic bond
Unit
Main component
Wood
Cotton
Most abundant

Study These Flashcards

Unbranched
Beta -D- glucose
Beta 1—> 4
Units ( 6000 to 10000)
Main component of plant cell wall
50% cellulose
90% cellulose
Organic compound of plant kingdom

Cellulose also used
______ made from ____
Starch monomer unit
Glycosidic
Main
In potato amylose
Amylopectin

Study These Flashcards

To form Rayon fibre ( artificial silk)
Paper made up from plant pulp is cellulose
Alpha-D- glucose
Alpha1 →4 and alpha l -6
Stared food in plant
20%
80%

Starch iodine solution
Unbranched chain = units
Linkage
Branched chain = units
Branching occurs
Linkage
branching points

Study These Flashcards

Gives blue colour
Amylose = 200 - 1000 alphaD glucose
Alpha 1 →4
Amylopectin = 6000 - 37000 alpha D glucose
At 24-30 alpha - d - glucose
Alpha 1 →4 and 1→ 6
Alpha l →6

Glycogen Storage form Region Greater Also called Units , no

Of carbohydrate in animals Liver and muscles Liver >>> muscles Animal starch 6,00,000 alpha - d- glucose

Glycogen monomer Linkage ( long chain) -l-'-( branching point) Branching occurs

Alpha -D - glucose Alpha 1→4 Alpha 1→6 8-12 glucose units

Chitin Polymer Linkage Important component of And Also called

N - acetyl - D - glucosamine Beta 1 →4 Exoskeleton of arthropods Cell wall of fungi As fungal cellulose

Inulin branched / unbranched Monomer Linkage Units Found Soluble / insoluble.

[Unbranched ] Beta - d - fructose Beta 1→2 25 - 35 fructose unit In roots of Dahlia and Artichoke Water-soluble

Heteropolysaccharide Eg

Hyaluronic acid Chondroitin Heparin Pectins

Lipids known as Made up of, ratio (Oxygen) Insoluble / solube Monomer, polymer Energy comparison

Fats and their derivatives are commonly known as C H O ,2:1 ( very less) In water / solute in organic solvents like acetone, chloroform, benzene, hot alcohol, ether Do not form polymer Provide more than double energy as compared to carbohydrate

In animals fat are present Work Require less space for storage In animals Lipid type

In subcutaneous layer As food reservoir and heat shock absorber As composed to carbohydrate because lipid molecules are hydrophobic and remain condensed in aqueous medium Store maximum amount of food in form of lipids Simple, compound, derived → steroids, choromolipids

Simple lipid are Alcohol is Molecules [no] ↑ linkage/ bond Such lipids Dehydration synthesis ( no )

Esters of long chain fatty acid and alcohol A trihydroxy sugar alcohol i. e glycerol 3 molecules of fatty acids are linked with one molecule of glycerol Called ester bond Called triglycerides 3 molecules of water ore released during formation of triglycerides

Saturated fatty acid bond Also known as At normal temperature Metabolically Tendency and cause

Only single bonds Non - essential fatty acids because they can be synthesized in animal body so it not essential to take them with food Solid form Are very less reactive To stare in animal body and cause obesity

Saturated fatty acid convert Deposited and cause Mostly ____ contains high amount of saturated fatty acids Eg acids

Into cholesterol in livers On inner wall of blood vessels, so cause high blood pressure & different types of cardiovascular disease Animal fat Palmitic acid = 16 c Steric acid = 18 C Arachidic acid = 2OC

U unsaturated fatty acid bond Also known as At normal temp Metabolically Don’t have tendency

Double bond with single bond Essential fatty acids cause they can't be synthesised in animal body, so it is Essential to take them with food Liquid They are highly reactive To store in animal body

Unsaturated fatty acid doesn't cause Many ___ contains high amount of Ex MUFA PUFA Wax

Obesity, no cholesterol formation, no cardiovascular disease, no high b.p Plant fat 18 oleic acid =1C-C double bond monounsaturated fatty acid Polyunsaturated fatty acid = 18 linoleic acid→ 2 c-c 18 linolenic acid = 3 c-c 20 arachidonie acid =4 c-c are monoesters with only one molecule of fatty acid attached to a monohydroxy alcohol

Conjugated / compound lipids types

A)Phospholipids / phosphate / phospholipids -→i) lecithin or phosphotidyl choline ii) cephalin iii) schingolipids / sphingomyelins B)Glyolipid

Phospholipid contains have both called property The lipid component Most abundant

2 molecules of fatty acids + glycerol + H3PO4+nitrogenous compounds Hydrophilic polar end [ H3PO4 and nitrogenous compound ] Hydrophobic non polar end (fatty acid) Amphipathic Form biomolocular layer in cell membrane Of membrane mainly consist of phosphoglycerides Most abound and type of lipids in protoplasm

Lecithin or N2 compound Occurs in Sphingolipid's occurs in

Phosphatedyl choline Choline =Nitrogenous compound Cell membrane In myelin - sheath of nerves

Cephalin Nitrogenous compound Occurs in

Similar to lecithin Ethanolamine Cell membrane

Glycolipid is Occur ( help ) Eg

1 fatty acid + sphingosine+ carbohydrate On cell surface are helpful in cell recognition Cerebrosides = occur in white matter of brain Gangliosides = occur in nerve ganglia and spleen

Derived lipids are Structure Types

Lapps derived from simple or conjugated lipids Complex Steroids Chromolipids

Steroids structure Basis Sterols Eg _____ parent steroid Also known as

Tetracyclic Of functional group Alcoholic steroids Cholesterol occurs in brain, nervous tissue, adrenal gland, Skin Cholesterol Most decorated micromoledle in biology

Sterones functional group Eg Chromolipides Most Eg

Ketonic steroid Sex hormone» male→ testosterone Female → progesterone Composed of repeated isoprene units (terpenes) Most complex lipids in protoplasm Vitamin K ,E , A and natural rubber

Introduction Flashcards

(44 cards)