Introduction

Question 1

What elements are higher in living beings than in earth’s crust
Biomolecule’s definition
Earth crust descending order elements

Answer 1

Relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen
All the carbon compounds that we get from living tissue
O> Si > Ca >Na > Mg >H>C>S>N

Question 2

Human element descending order
In dry weight animal cell
In dry weight plant cell
Most abundant organic compound in living organisms

Answer 2

O >C >H >N > Ca >S>Na >Mg >Si
Protein forms 60 - 70 % part
Carbohydrate forms 80% part because plant cell wall is made up of cellulose
Protein

Question 3

Carbohydrates
Main
First
Ratio of H and O
So they are called

Answer 3

Main source of. Energy
Respiratory substrate
2: 1
Hydrates of carbon

Question 4

Formula of carbohydrates
Sugars
Classification of carbohydrate. On basis of
Classified types

Answer 4

Cx(h2o)y
Simple carbohydrates which are soluble in water and sweet in taste
Monosaccharides obtained on hydrolysis
As monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 5

Monosaccharides
In general formula
All monosaccharide occurs in
Except
Structure

Answer 5

Simplest sugars which cannot be further hydrolysed
X is almost equal to y i.e no. Of carbon and oxygen atom are same
All monosa. Occur in d and l form
Dihydroxy acetone because chiral carbon is absent
Is either ring or straight chain

Question 6

A six membered ring
A 5 membered ring
Anomers
Occur / exist

Answer 6

Pyranose [ 4C +1 O ]
Furanonse
Position of -H and -OH at C1
Cyclic form
Aqueous solution, glucose

Question 7

Epimers
Exist
Mannose
Eg
Galactose

Also called as
Eg

Answer 7

Isomers formed as a result of interchange of - OH and -H on C-2,C-3,C-4 of glucose
In both linear & cyclic form
Difference on C2 carbon in glucose . Rarely occurs in free form
Present as component of some compounds e.g hemicellulose - wood
Difference on C4 carbon rarely occurs in free form
Occurs as compound of some compounds
Most abundant in brain and nervous tissue so called as brain sugar
Eg hemicellulose, lactose, pectin , glycolpid

Question 8

Trioses
Formula
Eg
Tetroses
Formula
Eg

Answer 8

No of carbon = 3 simplest monosacc
C3H6O3
Digydroxy acetone , glyceraldehydrade
No of C =4
C4H8O4
Erythrose , Erythrulose

Question 9

Pentose
Common formula
Ribose +nt
Deoxyribose +nt

Answer 9

No of C =5
C5H10O5
In RNA ATP FAD FMN NAD
In dna
C5H10O4

Question 10

Hexoses
Formula
Eg

Answer 10

No of C = 6
C6H12O6
Mannose
Galactose
Glucose
Fructose

Question 11

Glucose
Most
Also known as
-||||—
Main
It’s rotate in direction

Answer 11

Abundant organic compound on earth
More abundant in grapes so also known as grape sugar
More abundant in blood so known as blood sugar
Respiratory substance
It rotates Ppl in right direction

Question 12

Fructose
More abundant
It rotates ppl
Heptoses
Formula
Eg

Answer 12

Sweetest carbohydrate
In honey and sweet fruits so also known fruit sugar
Levorotatory Ratates PPL in left direction
No of C=7 largest monosacc
C7H14O7
Sedoheptulose

Question 13

Oligosaccharide are
Monosacc are linked
Elimination
Glycosidic linkage formed ( structure )

Answer 13

Are those carbohydrate which on hydrolysis yield 2 to 10 monosacc
Together by glycosidic bonds
One molecule of H2O
Always formed b/w ring structures of monsacc

Question 14

Disaccharide are
Known as
Eg

Answer 14

Composed of two monosacc units
Sugar = all disaccharide are water soluble and sweet in taste
Sucrose,
Trehalose
Maltose
Lactose

Question 15

Maltose
Commonly called
Monosaccharides unit
Glycosidic bond
Nature
Intermediate compound
More abundant

Answer 15

Malt sugar
Alpha-D- glucose + alpha -D- glucose
Alpha 1—> 4
Reducing
Of starch digestion
In germinating starchy seeds

Question 16

Lactose is
Monosaccharides unit
Glycosidic bond
Nature
Is
Present

Answer 16

Milk sugar
Beta-D- galactose + beta - D- glucose
Beta 1—> 4 reducing
Least sweet sugar
+nt only in mammals milk

Question 17

Sucrose also called as
Monosaccharides unit
Linkage
Nature
Present in

Answer 17

Cane sugar/ table sugar/common sugar/commercial sugar
Alpha-D-glucose ( pyronose ) + beta -D- fructose
1<—> 2
Non reducing
Transport if sugar through phloem mainly occurs in form of sucrose

Question 18

Trehalose +nt
Monosaccharides unit
Glycosidic bond
Nature

Answer 18

In haemolymph of insects
Alpha-D-glucose + alpha -D- glucose
1<—> 1
Non reducing

Question 19

Polysaccharides / glycans
Composed
Are ( in water, taste)
Are polymers
Nature
But in polysaccharides chain

Answer 19

Large no of monosaccharides unit
Insoluble in water and do not taste sweet
Polymer/macromolecule of monosaccharides (monomer)
Non reducing
Right end is reducing end
Left end is non reducing end

Question 20

Glycans
Nutritive
Eg
Structural

Answer 20

+nt as stored food
Starch & glycogen
Used in structure formation
Eg cellulose & chitin

Question 21

Homopolysaccharide composed
Eg

Answer 21

Of same monomers
Cellulose
Starch
Chitin
Glycogen
Inulin

Question 22

Cellulose ( branched / unbranched )
Monomer
Glycosidic bond
Unit
Main component
Wood
Cotton
Most abundant

Answer 22

Unbranched
Beta -D- glucose
Beta 1—> 4
Units ( 6000 to 10000)
Main component of plant cell wall
50% cellulose
90% cellulose
Organic compound of plant kingdom

Question 23

Cellulose also used
______ made from ____
Starch monomer unit
Glycosidic
Main
In potato amylose
Amylopectin

Answer 23

To form Rayon fibre ( artificial silk)
Paper made up from plant pulp is cellulose
Alpha-D- glucose
Alpha1 →4 and alpha l -6
Stared food in plant
20%
80%

Question 24

Starch iodine solution
Unbranched chain = units
Linkage
Branched chain = units
Branching occurs
Linkage
branching points

Answer 24

Gives blue colour
Amylose = 200 - 1000 alphaD glucose
Alpha 1 →4
Amylopectin = 6000 - 37000 alpha D glucose
At 24-30 alpha - d - glucose
Alpha 1 →4 and 1→ 6
Alpha l →6

Question 25

Glycogen
Storage form
Region
Greater
Also called
Units , no

Answer 25

Of carbohydrate in animals
Liver and muscles
Liver&raquo_space;> muscles
Animal starch
6,00,000 alpha - d- glucose

Question 26

Glycogen monomer
Linkage ( long chain)
-l-‘-( branching point)
Branching occurs

Answer 26

Alpha -D - glucose
Alpha 1→4
Alpha 1→6
8-12 glucose units

Question 27

Chitin
Polymer
Linkage
Important component of
And
Also called

Answer 27

N - acetyl - D - glucosamine
Beta 1 →4
Exoskeleton of arthropods
Cell wall of fungi
As fungal cellulose

Question 28

Inulin branched / unbranched
Monomer
Linkage
Units
Found
Soluble / insoluble.

Answer 28

[Unbranched ]
Beta - d - fructose
Beta 1→2
25 - 35 fructose unit
In roots of Dahlia and Artichoke
Water-soluble

Question 29

Heteropolysaccharide
Eg

Answer 29

Hyaluronic acid
Chondroitin
Heparin
Pectins

Question 30

Lipids known as
Made up of, ratio (Oxygen)
Insoluble / solube
Monomer, polymer
Energy comparison

Answer 30

Fats and their derivatives are commonly known as
C H O ,2:1 ( very less)
In water / solute in organic solvents like acetone, chloroform, benzene, hot alcohol, ether
Do not form polymer
Provide more than double energy as compared to carbohydrate

Question 31

In animals fat are present
Work
Require less space for storage
In animals
Lipid type

Answer 31

In subcutaneous layer
As food reservoir and heat shock absorber
As composed to carbohydrate because lipid molecules are hydrophobic and remain condensed in aqueous medium
Store maximum amount of food in form of lipids
Simple, compound, derived → steroids, choromolipids

Question 32

Simple lipid are
Alcohol is
Molecules [no]
↑ linkage/ bond
Such lipids
Dehydration synthesis ( no )

Answer 32

Esters of long chain fatty acid and alcohol
A trihydroxy sugar alcohol i. e glycerol
3 molecules of fatty acids are linked with one molecule of glycerol
Called ester bond
Called triglycerides
3 molecules of water ore released during formation of triglycerides

Question 33

Saturated fatty acid bond
Also known as
At normal temperature
Metabolically
Tendency and cause

Answer 33

Only single bonds
Non - essential fatty acids because they can be synthesized in animal body so it not essential to take them with food
Solid form
Are very less reactive
To stare in animal body and cause obesity

Question 34

Saturated fatty acid convert
Deposited and cause
Mostly ____ contains high amount of saturated fatty acids
Eg acids

Answer 34

Into cholesterol in livers
On inner wall of blood vessels, so cause high blood pressure & different types of
cardiovascular disease
Animal fat
Palmitic acid = 16 c
Steric acid = 18 C
Arachidic acid = 2OC

Question 35

U unsaturated fatty acid bond
Also known as
At normal temp
Metabolically
Don’t have tendency

Answer 35

Double bond with single bond
Essential fatty acids cause they can’t be synthesised in animal body, so it is Essential to take them with food
Liquid
They are highly reactive
To store in animal body

Question 36

Unsaturated fatty acid doesn’t cause
Many ___ contains high amount of
Ex MUFA
PUFA

Wax

Answer 36

Obesity, no cholesterol formation, no cardiovascular disease, no high b.p
Plant fat
18 oleic acid =1C-C double bond monounsaturated fatty acid
Polyunsaturated fatty acid = 18 linoleic acid→ 2 c-c
18 linolenic acid = 3 c-c
20 arachidonie acid =4 c-c
are monoesters with only one molecule of fatty acid attached to a monohydroxy alcohol

Question 37

Conjugated / compound lipids types

Answer 37

A)Phospholipids / phosphate / phospholipids
-→i) lecithin or phosphotidyl choline
ii) cephalin
iii) schingolipids / sphingomyelins
B)Glyolipid

Question 38

Phospholipid contains
have both

called
property
The lipid component
Most abundant

Answer 38

2 molecules of fatty acids + glycerol + H3PO4+nitrogenous compounds
Hydrophilic polar end [ H3PO4 and nitrogenous compound ]
Hydrophobic non polar end (fatty acid)
Amphipathic
Form biomolocular layer in cell membrane
Of membrane mainly consist of phosphoglycerides
Most abound and type of lipids in protoplasm

Question 39

Lecithin or
N2 compound
Occurs in
Sphingolipid’s occurs in

Answer 39

Phosphatedyl choline
Choline =Nitrogenous compound
Cell membrane
In myelin - sheath of nerves

Question 40

Cephalin
Nitrogenous compound
Occurs in

Answer 40

Similar to lecithin
Ethanolamine
Cell membrane

Question 41

Glycolipid is
Occur ( help )
Eg

Answer 41

1 fatty acid + sphingosine+ carbohydrate
On cell surface are helpful in cell recognition
Cerebrosides = occur in white matter of brain
Gangliosides = occur in nerve ganglia and spleen

Question 42

Derived lipids are
Structure
Types

Answer 42

Lapps derived from simple or conjugated lipids
Complex
Steroids
Chromolipids

Question 43

Steroids structure
Basis
Sterols
Eg
_____ parent steroid
Also known as

Answer 43

Tetracyclic
Of functional group
Alcoholic steroids
Cholesterol occurs in brain, nervous tissue, adrenal gland, Skin
Cholesterol
Most decorated micromoledle in biology

Question 44

Sterones functional group
Eg
Chromolipides
Most
Eg

Answer 44

Ketonic steroid
Sex hormone» male→ testosterone
Female → progesterone
Composed of repeated isoprene units (terpenes)
Most complex lipids in protoplasm
Vitamin K ,E , A and natural rubber