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Biomolecules > Nucleic Acid > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid Flashcards

1
Q

Nuclei’s acid discovered by
In and called it
Term nuclei acid
Are
=

A

F . Meischer
Pus cell , nucleic
Was given by Altman
Polymers of nucleotide
= nitrogen base + Pentose sugar+ phosphate

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2
Q

Pyridines consist
Eg
Purine

A

Of one pyrimidine ring [2N+ 4C ]
Cytosine , uracil, thymine
Consist of 2 rings pyrimidine ring [2N+ 4C ] and imidazole ring [ 2N+3CJ
Adenine and guanine

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3
Q

Pentose sugar:-)
N2 base forms bond
Forms bond with sugar Pyrimidines
Purines
Phosphate forms ( to complete nucleotide ) ( bond)

A

With first carbon of pentose sugar to from a nucleoside
Nitrogen of first placeN1 forms bond with sugar
Nitrogen of ninth placeN 2 forms bond with sugar
Phosphate forms ester bond [ covalent bond) with 5th carbon of sugar

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4
Q

AMP

dAMP

A

Adenine + ribose = adenosine
Adenine + phosphate = adenylic acid
Adenine+ deoxyribose= deoxyadenosine
Deoxyadenosine + p = deoxyadenylic acid

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5
Q

GMP

dGMP

A

Guanine + ribose = guanosine
Guanosine + p = guanylic acid
Guanine + deoxyribose = deoxyguanosine
Deoxyguanosine + p = deoxyguanylic acid

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6
Q

CMP

dCMP

A

Cytosine + ribose = cytidine
Cytidine + p = cytidylic acid
Cytosine + deoxyribose = deoxycytidine
Deoxycytidine + p = deoxycytidine acid

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7
Q

UMP

dTMP

A

Uracil + ribose = uridine
Uridine + p = uridylic acid
Thymine + deoxyribose = deoxythymidine
Deoxythymidine + p= deoxythymidylic acid

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8
Q

DNA
Discovered by
Term given by
Pentose sugar
Nitrogen bases

A

Meischer
Zachary’s
Is deoxyribose sugar
A,T,G,C

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9
Q

Wilkins & Franklin
According to them
Watson and Crick proposed
According to them

A

Studied dna with help of X-ray crystallography
Both the strands of Dna are parallel to each other
Proposed a double helix model for DNA
DNA is composed of two polynucleotide chains

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10
Q

In dna both polynucleotide
Direction of phosphodiester is
Both strands of DNA ( bond ) +nt b/w

A

Chains are complimentary and antiparallel to each other
Is opposite
Are held together by hydrogen bonds
+nt b/w N2 base

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11
Q

Hydrogen bond
Adenine & thymine
Cytosine & guanine
Structure of dna strand s

A

By two h bonds
By 3 h bonds
Two strands of dna are helically coiled like a revolving ladder

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12
Q

Reilings of this ladder ( backbone
Steps /bar
Distance b/w two successive steps
One complete turn on dna
Length of one complete turn is

A

Phosphates + sugars
Pairs of N2 base
Is 3.4 Armstrong
10 steps
34 Armstrong

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13
Q

Length of one complete turn also called
Diameter of dna
Molecular weight of dna
In eukaryotes dna associated with

A

As pitch of helix /dna ,one coil
20 Armstrong
10 power 6 to 10 power 9 dalton
Histone proteins to form nucleoprotein

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14
Q

DNA and histone linkage
Linear dna
Circular dna
Bacteriophage dna (174)

A

Mg+2
Chromosomes
Prokaryotes,mitochondria,chloroplast
Ss dna circular

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15
Q

RNA
Pentose sugar
In place of n2 base
Polynucleotide chain no
Exception

A

Ribose sugar
Thymine in dna , uracil is present in rna
Only one I.e single stranded
RNA in Reo virus is ds
2 polynucleotide chains

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16
Q

Enzymes
Nuclei acid enzyme
Enzyme protein structure
Pocket or =

A

Ribozymes
Primary, secondary, tertiary structure
Or crevices = in tertiary structure the backbone of protein chain folds upon itself, the chain criss - crosses itself

17
Q

Active site

Enzymes through their active site
Different to inorganic catalyse
Exception

A

One pocket is the active site
An active site of an enzyme is a cervice or pocket i n. To which substrate fits
Catalyse reactions at high rate
Enzyme get. Damaged at high temperature [ above 40°C]
Organisms who normally live under extremely high temperature eg hot vents & sulpher springs [ up to 80ª 90°C)

18
Q

Organic chemical reaction eg
Rate of physical / chemical reaction =
Rate double or decreases
Enzyme not used in carbonic acid molecules formed
Used then

A

Hydrolysis of starch into glucose
Amount of product formed per unit time
By half for every 10°C change in either direction
200molecules
600000 molecules

19
Q

Metabolic pathway
In different conditions
What refers to a reaction
Substrate

A

A multistor chemical reaction when each of steps is catalysed by same enzyme complex or different enzyme
Different products are possible
The chemical or metabolic conversion
The chemical in which it is converted into a product is called

20
Q

S →P meaning
ES complex is
Transition state
Stability is related to

A

Enzymes i. e protein with 3 dimensional structure including an active site convert substrate
An obligatory formation
During the state where substrate is bound to enzyme active site a new structure of substrate is formed
To energy status of molecule or structure

21
Q

Concept of activation energy graph
Y axis represents
X axis
P < S then reaction is
Whatever reaction it is

A

Represents the potential energy content
The progression of structural transformation or states through the transition state
An exothermic reaction [ energy supply is not needed ]
S has to go through a much higher energy state or transition state

22
Q

Activation energy
Enzyme- substrate complex ES is
Essential

A

The difference in average energy content of S from that of this transition state
Is short-lived and dissociates into its products and the unchanged enzyme with an intermediate formation of enzyme product complex
For formation of catalysis

23
Q

Range of temp , pH for fn of enzyme
Optimum temp, optimum pH
Low temp
High temp

A

Narrow range of temp,ph
Each enzyme show its highest activity at a particulco temp, ph
Provides the enzyme in a temporarily inactive state
Destroys enzymatic activity because proteins are denaterated by heat

24
Q

V max is because

Inhibition
Competitive inhibitor

A

The enzyme molecules are fewer than the substrate molecules and after saturation, there are no free enzyme molecule to bind with additional substrate molecule
When the binding of chemical shuts off enzyme activity
In lieber closely resembles the substrate in its molecular structure and inhibits the activity of enzyme

25
Q

Competitive inhibitor eg
Use
Enzyme basis
Divided into ( no)

A

Inhibition of succinct dehydrogenase by malonate which closely resemble the substrate succincte in structure
In control of bacterial pathogens
Based on Tyne of reaction they catalysed
Into 6 classes each with 4 - 13 subclasses and named accordingly by a 4 - digit no

26
Q

Oxidoreductases or
Eg reaction
Transferases
Eg reaction

A

Dehydrogenases = enzymes which catalyse oxidoreduction b/w 2 substrates
S reduced+ S’ oxidised →S oxidised + S’ reduced
Enzymes catalysing a transfer of group G ( other than hydrogen) between a pair of substrate S and S’
S-G +S’ → S+ S’ -G

27
Q

Hydrolases
Lyases

A

Enzymes catalysing hydrolysis of ester, ether, peptide, glycosidic, C - C , C - halide or P-N bond
Enzymes that catalyse removal of groups from substrates by mechanisms other than hydrolysis leaving double bond

28
Q

Isomerases
Ligases
Eg

A

Includes all enzymes catylsing inter- conversion of optical, geometric / positional isomers
Enzymes catalysing the linking together of 2 compounds
Enzymes which catalyse joining of C -O ,C-S , C-N , P-O bonds

29
Q

Enzymes are composed of
Co factors ( fn )
Apoenzyme
Kinds

A

One on several polypeptide chains
Non protein constituent bound to enzyme to make the enzyme catalytically active
↑ protein portion of enzymes
Prosthetic groups, coenzymes ,metal ions

30
Q

Prosthetic group
Eg

A

Are organic compounds, they are tightly bound to apoenzyme
In peroxides and catalase, haem is the prosthetic group

31
Q

Co-enzyme
Occur
Eg

A

Also organic compounds but their association with apoenzyme is only transient
Occur during the course of catalysis
Vitamins eg NAD
NADP contain vitamin niacin

32
Q

Metal ions bonds

Eg

A

Form coordination bonds with side chains at active site and at same time forms one or more coordination bond with substrate
Zinc = proteolytic enzyme carboxypeptidase

33
Q

Nitrogen base ( ring )
Nucleosides
Eg
Nucleotide eg
____ consists of nucleotides only

A

Carbon compounds in which heterocyclic rings
Nitrogen base found attached to sugar
Eg adenosine , guanosine,thymidine, uridine , cytidine
Adenylic acid, thymidylic acid , guanylic acid , uridylic acid , cytidylic acid
DNA and RNA

Biomolecules (3 decks)

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