Nucleic Acid

Question 1

Nuclei’s acid discovered by
In and called it
Term nuclei acid
Are
=

Answer 1

F . Meischer
Pus cell , nucleic
Was given by Altman
Polymers of nucleotide
= nitrogen base + Pentose sugar+ phosphate

Question 2

Pyridines consist
Eg
Purine

Answer 2

Of one pyrimidine ring [2N+ 4C ]
Cytosine , uracil, thymine
Consist of 2 rings pyrimidine ring [2N+ 4C ] and imidazole ring [ 2N+3CJ
Adenine and guanine

Question 3

Pentose sugar:-)
N2 base forms bond
Forms bond with sugar Pyrimidines
Purines
Phosphate forms ( to complete nucleotide ) ( bond)

Answer 3

With first carbon of pentose sugar to from a nucleoside
Nitrogen of first placeN1 forms bond with sugar
Nitrogen of ninth placeN 2 forms bond with sugar
Phosphate forms ester bond [ covalent bond) with 5th carbon of sugar

Question 4

AMP

dAMP

Answer 4

Adenine + ribose = adenosine
Adenine + phosphate = adenylic acid
Adenine+ deoxyribose= deoxyadenosine
Deoxyadenosine + p = deoxyadenylic acid

Question 5

GMP

dGMP

Answer 5

Guanine + ribose = guanosine
Guanosine + p = guanylic acid
Guanine + deoxyribose = deoxyguanosine
Deoxyguanosine + p = deoxyguanylic acid

Question 6

CMP

dCMP

Answer 6

Cytosine + ribose = cytidine
Cytidine + p = cytidylic acid
Cytosine + deoxyribose = deoxycytidine
Deoxycytidine + p = deoxycytidine acid

Question 7

UMP

dTMP

Answer 7

Uracil + ribose = uridine
Uridine + p = uridylic acid
Thymine + deoxyribose = deoxythymidine
Deoxythymidine + p= deoxythymidylic acid

Question 8

DNA
Discovered by
Term given by
Pentose sugar
Nitrogen bases

Answer 8

Meischer
Zachary’s
Is deoxyribose sugar
A,T,G,C

Question 9

Wilkins & Franklin
According to them
Watson and Crick proposed
According to them

Answer 9

Studied dna with help of X-ray crystallography
Both the strands of Dna are parallel to each other
Proposed a double helix model for DNA
DNA is composed of two polynucleotide chains

Question 10

In dna both polynucleotide
Direction of phosphodiester is
Both strands of DNA ( bond ) +nt b/w

Answer 10

Chains are complimentary and antiparallel to each other
Is opposite
Are held together by hydrogen bonds
+nt b/w N2 base

Question 11

Hydrogen bond
Adenine & thymine
Cytosine & guanine
Structure of dna strand s

Answer 11

By two h bonds
By 3 h bonds
Two strands of dna are helically coiled like a revolving ladder

Question 12

Reilings of this ladder ( backbone
Steps /bar
Distance b/w two successive steps
One complete turn on dna
Length of one complete turn is

Answer 12

Phosphates + sugars
Pairs of N2 base
Is 3.4 Armstrong
10 steps
34 Armstrong

Question 13

Length of one complete turn also called
Diameter of dna
Molecular weight of dna
In eukaryotes dna associated with

Answer 13

As pitch of helix /dna ,one coil
20 Armstrong
10 power 6 to 10 power 9 dalton
Histone proteins to form nucleoprotein

Question 14

DNA and histone linkage
Linear dna
Circular dna
Bacteriophage dna (174)

Answer 14

Mg+2
Chromosomes
Prokaryotes,mitochondria,chloroplast
Ss dna circular

Question 15

RNA
Pentose sugar
In place of n2 base
Polynucleotide chain no
Exception

Answer 15

Ribose sugar
Thymine in dna , uracil is present in rna
Only one I.e single stranded
RNA in Reo virus is ds
2 polynucleotide chains

Question 16

Enzymes
Nuclei acid enzyme
Enzyme protein structure
Pocket or =

Answer 16

Ribozymes
Primary, secondary, tertiary structure
Or crevices = in tertiary structure the backbone of protein chain folds upon itself, the chain criss - crosses itself

Question 17

Active site

Enzymes through their active site
Different to inorganic catalyse
Exception

Answer 17

One pocket is the active site
An active site of an enzyme is a cervice or pocket i n. To which substrate fits
Catalyse reactions at high rate
Enzyme get. Damaged at high temperature [ above 40°C]
Organisms who normally live under extremely high temperature eg hot vents & sulpher springs [ up to 80ª 90°C)

Question 18

Organic chemical reaction eg
Rate of physical / chemical reaction =
Rate double or decreases
Enzyme not used in carbonic acid molecules formed
Used then

Answer 18

Hydrolysis of starch into glucose
Amount of product formed per unit time
By half for every 10°C change in either direction
200molecules
600000 molecules

Question 19

Metabolic pathway
In different conditions
What refers to a reaction
Substrate

Answer 19

A multistor chemical reaction when each of steps is catalysed by same enzyme complex or different enzyme
Different products are possible
The chemical or metabolic conversion
The chemical in which it is converted into a product is called

Question 20

S →P meaning
ES complex is
Transition state
Stability is related to

Answer 20

Enzymes i. e protein with 3 dimensional structure including an active site convert substrate
An obligatory formation
During the state where substrate is bound to enzyme active site a new structure of substrate is formed
To energy status of molecule or structure

Question 21

Concept of activation energy graph
Y axis represents
X axis
P < S then reaction is
Whatever reaction it is

Answer 21

Represents the potential energy content
The progression of structural transformation or states through the transition state
An exothermic reaction [ energy supply is not needed ]
S has to go through a much higher energy state or transition state

Question 22

Activation energy
Enzyme- substrate complex ES is
Essential

Answer 22

The difference in average energy content of S from that of this transition state
Is short-lived and dissociates into its products and the unchanged enzyme with an intermediate formation of enzyme product complex
For formation of catalysis

Question 23

Range of temp , pH for fn of enzyme
Optimum temp, optimum pH
Low temp
High temp

Answer 23

Narrow range of temp,ph
Each enzyme show its highest activity at a particulco temp, ph
Provides the enzyme in a temporarily inactive state
Destroys enzymatic activity because proteins are denaterated by heat

Question 24

V max is because

Inhibition
Competitive inhibitor

Answer 24

The enzyme molecules are fewer than the substrate molecules and after saturation, there are no free enzyme molecule to bind with additional substrate molecule
When the binding of chemical shuts off enzyme activity
In lieber closely resembles the substrate in its molecular structure and inhibits the activity of enzyme

Question 25

Competitive inhibitor eg Use Enzyme basis Divided into ( no)

Answer 25

Inhibition of succinct dehydrogenase by malonate which closely resemble the substrate succincte in structure In control of bacterial pathogens Based on Tyne of reaction they catalysed Into 6 classes each with 4 - 13 subclasses and named accordingly by a 4 - digit no

Question 26

Oxidoreductases or Eg reaction Transferases Eg reaction

Answer 26

Dehydrogenases = enzymes which catalyse oxidoreduction b/w 2 substrates S reduced+ S’ oxidised →S oxidised + S’ reduced Enzymes catalysing a transfer of group G ( other than hydrogen) between a pair of substrate S and S’ S-G +S’ → S+ S’ -G

Question 27

Hydrolases Lyases

Answer 27

Enzymes catalysing hydrolysis of ester, ether, peptide, glycosidic, C - C , C - halide or P-N bond Enzymes that catalyse removal of groups from substrates by mechanisms other than hydrolysis leaving double bond

Question 28

Isomerases Ligases Eg

Answer 28

Includes all enzymes catylsing inter- conversion of optical, geometric / positional isomers Enzymes catalysing the linking together of 2 compounds Enzymes which catalyse joining of C -O ,C-S , C-N , P-O bonds

Question 29

Enzymes are composed of Co factors ( fn ) Apoenzyme Kinds

Answer 29

One on several polypeptide chains Non protein constituent bound to enzyme to make the enzyme catalytically active ↑ protein portion of enzymes Prosthetic groups, coenzymes ,metal ions

Question 30

Prosthetic group Eg

Answer 30

Are organic compounds, they are tightly bound to apoenzyme In peroxides and catalase, haem is the prosthetic group

Question 31

Co-enzyme Occur Eg

Answer 31

Also organic compounds but their association with apoenzyme is only transient Occur during the course of catalysis Vitamins eg NAD NADP contain vitamin niacin

Question 32

Metal ions bonds Eg

Answer 32

Form coordination bonds with side chains at active site and at same time forms one or more coordination bond with substrate Zinc = proteolytic enzyme carboxypeptidase

Question 33

Nitrogen base ( ring ) Nucleosides Eg Nucleotide eg ____ consists of nucleotides only

Answer 33

Carbon compounds in which heterocyclic rings Nitrogen base found attached to sugar Eg adenosine , guanosine,thymidine, uridine , cytidine Adenylic acid, thymidylic acid , guanylic acid , uridylic acid , cytidylic acid DNA and RNA