Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
Outline the anatomical position.
A
Body standing upright and erect.
Head and eyes directed anteriorly.
Upper limbs relaxed and at side of body.
Palms directed anteriorly.
Feet ~ shoulder width apart & toes directed anteriorly.
2
Q
What is the prone position?
A
Anatomical position placed face-down.
3
Q
What is the supine position?
A
Anatomical position placed face-up.
4
Q
What is the frontal plane?
A
Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior portions.
5
Q
What is the coronal plane?
A
divides body anteriorly and posteriorly
6
Q
Define the mid-sagittal plane.
A
Divides body into equal right and left halves.
7
Q
Define the median plane.
A
Divides body into equal right and left halves.
8
Q
Define the sagittal plane.
A
Parallel to mid-sagittal/median plane but divides into unequal halves.
9
Q
define the axial plane.
A
Divides body into superior and inferior portions.
10
Q
Define the transverse plane.
A
Divides body into superior and inferior portions.
11
Q
Define superficial.
A
Located closer to the skin.
12
Q
Give an anatomical example of a superficial structure.
A
The ribs are superficial to the heart.
13
Q
Give an example of a deep structure.
A
The brain is deep to the skull.
13
Q
Define deep.
A
Located further from the skin.
14
Q
Define anterior
A
Located closer to the front of the body.
15
Q
Give an anatomical example of an anterior structure.
A
In anatomical position, the palms are anterior/ventral to the back of the hand.
16
Q
Define ventral
A
Located closer to the front of the body.
17
Q
Define posterior
A
Located closer to the back of the body.
18
Q
Define dorsal
A
Located closer to the back of the body.
19
Q
Give an example of a posterior/dorsal structure.
A
The spine is posterior/dorsal to the ribs.
20
Q
Define superior
A
Located closer to top of the head
21
Q
define cranial
A
Located closer to top of the head
22
Q
Give an anatomical example of superior/cranial
A
The eyes are superior/cranial to the mouth
23
Q
Define inferior
A
located closer to the ‘tail’
24
Define caudal
located closer to the tail
25
Give an anatomical example of inferior/caudal
The feet are inferior/caudal to the tibia
26
Define medial
Located closer to the midline
27
Give an anatomical example of medial
The heart is lateral to the right ear.
28
Define lateral
Located further from the midline.
29
Give an anatomical example of lateral
The right arm is lateral to the right lung.
30
Define proximal
Located closer to its origin
31
Give an anatomical example of proximal
The proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone.
32
Define distal
Located further from its origin
33
Give an anatomical example of distal
the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm
34
Define palmar
Palm of hand
35
Define plantar
Sole of foot
36
Define the skeletal system
Provides support and protects vital organs
37
Provide an example of a structure in the skeletal system
Bones, cartilage, occipital bone, hyaline cartilage
38
Define the muscular system
Consists of muscles that contract to move/position parts of the body.
39
Give an example of a structure in the muscular system.
Trapezius muscle
40
Define the nervous system
Controls and coordinates functions of organ systems. Consists of CNS and PNS.
41
Give an example of a structure in the nervous system.
Ganglia, brain, spinal cord, nerves
42
Define the circulatory system
Distributes fluids within the body. Consists of cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.
43
Define the cardiovascular system
Propels and conducts blood through the body.
44
Give an example of a structure in the cardiovascular system.
Heart, blood vessels
45
Define the lymphoid system.
Consists of network of lymphatic vessels that withdraw lymph from interstitial fluid compartments, filters it through lymph nodes and returns to bloodstream.
46
Give an example of a structure in the lymphoid system.
spleen, lymph nodes
47
Define the digestive system
deals with injestion, mastication, degultition, digestion and absorption of food, plus elimination of feces.
48
Give an example of a structure in the digestive system.
Mouth, intestines, stomach
49
Define the respiratory system
Supplies oxygen and eliminates CO2; controls airflow to produce speech.
50
Give an example of a structure in the respiratory system.
lungs, capillaries
51
Define the urogenital system
Deals with filtering of blood, production, transport, storage and excretion of urine as well as reproduction.
52
Give an example of a structure in the urogenital system.
kidneys, ureters, gonas
53
Define the endocrine system
consists of discrete ductless glands and cells of intestine and blood vessel walls and specialized nerve endings that secrete hormones, distributing them to target organs
54
Give an example of a structure in the endocrine system.
thyroid gland.
55
Define the integumentary system.
protective covering for the body
56
Give an example of a structure in the integumentary system.
skin, hair, nails
57
What region is highlighted in magenta?
thorax
58
What region is highlighted in light green?
abdomen
59
What region is highlighted in dark green?
Pelvis/perineum
60
Define bilateral
paired structures occurring on the right and left sides of the body
61
give an example of a bilateral structure
lungs
62
define unilateral
only present on one side of the bodyg
63
give an example of a unilateral structure.
liver, kidney, heart
64
define ipsilateral
two different structures located on the same side of the body
65
give an example of ipsilateral structures.
left lung and left knee
66
define contralateral
structures located on opposite sides of the body
67
give an example of contralateral structures.
left eye, right hand
68
define joints
points where two or more bones articulate
69
Define fibrous joints
strong, tough joints designed to limit motion and provide stability
70
what are the three subclasses of fibrous joints?
sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses
71
Where are fibrous joints found in the body?
skull, jaw, between long bones
72
Define synovial joints.
movable joints allowing for a large range of motion
73
What fills synovial joints?
synovial fluid
74
What are cartilaginous joints
joints that allow little movement.
75
how are cartilaginous joints further classified?
primary and secondary
76
77
List the 3 types of fibrous/synarthrotic joints.
1. Sutures
2. Gomophoses
3. Syndesmoses
78
Define sutures
Edges of bones fit together firmly and are united by periosteum.
79
What is periosteum?
Connective tissue
80
Where would you find sutures?
In joints of the skull
81
Define gomphoses.
Immovable joints between the teeth and mandible.
82
How are teeth held in place?
By periodontal ligaments
83
Define syndesmoses.
Slightly movable joints comprising of a sheet of fibrous tissue uniting the shafts of long bones.
84
Give an example of a syndesmose.
Interosseus membranes of forearms and legs.
85
List the two types of cartilaginous joints.
1. Primary/synchondroses
2. Secondary/symphoses
86
Define primary cartilaginous joints
Found in growth plates of growing bones
87
What are secondary cartilaginous joints made of?
Hyaline cartilage
88
Define secondary cartilaginous joints. `
Found in spine and pubis.
89
What are secondary cartilaginous joints made of?
Fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage.
90
list the 6 types of synovial joints.
1. Hinge joint
2. Pivot joint
3. Saddle
4. Condyloid
5. Plane
6. Ball and socket
91
Define a hinge joint
Allow movement in only one plane or axis ; flexion and extension
92
Give an example of a hinge joint
Elbow
93
Define a pivot joint
Rotates around one primary central axis
94
Give an example of a pivot joint
Atlanto-axial joint
95
Define a saddle joint
Allows movement in two planes at right angles to each other; abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, circumduction.
96
Give an example of a saddle joint
Carpometacarpal joint in thumb.
97
Define a condyloid joint
Articulation of a concave and convex bone
98
What types of movement do condyloid joints allow for?
Abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, restricted circumduction
99
Give an example of a condyloid joint.
Knuckle joint
100
Define a plane joint
Articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved
101
What types of movement do plane joints allow for
Restricted gliding/sliding
102
Give an example of a plane joint
Acromiclavicular joint
103
Define a ball and socket joint
Highly mobile, allows for movement in multiple planes and axes; abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation
104
Give an example of a ball and socket joint
Hip
105
Define flexion
Decrease the angle between two body parts
106
Define extension
Increase the angle between two body parts
107
Define adduction
Movement towards the midline
108
Define abduction
Movement away from midline
109
Define rotation
Spinning motion about an axis
110
Define circumduction
Circular motion of movement
111
Define pronation
Rotating hand and forearm so palm faces posteriorly
112
Define supination
Return of pronated hand to anatomical position
