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Monogastric GI > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Gastro

A

-a combining form meaning stomach

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2
Q

Stomach

A

-a muscular, hollow organ in the GI tract of humans and many other animals including several invertebrates
-involved in gastric phase of digestion. Will secrete digestive enzymes and gastric acid

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3
Q

Functions of GI tract

A

1.ingestion
2.propulsion
3.mechanical processing
4.digestion
5.secretion
6.absorption
7.excretion
8.immunity/barrier function
9. signaling, control of feed intake

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4
Q

Digestion in carnivores

A

-obtain majority of their nutrients by consuming other animals
-Digestion is primarily enzymatic
-microbial digestion less important
-Relatively short GI tract

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5
Q

Herbivores

A

-nutrients can be entirely derived from plant materials
-greater reliance on microbial fermentation
-Larger and complex GI tract
- 2 classes of herbivores

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6
Q

Classes of herbivores

A

1.pre-gastric (ruminants)-fermentation takes place prior to gastric stomach
**more effective
-Ex.cows

2.post-gastric-most fermentation occurs after the gastric stomach
**less effective in absorption because less time for it to occur
-Ex. pigs

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7
Q

Omnivores

A

-less specific in source of nutrients
-post-gastric fermentation is important

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8
Q

General anatomy of the GI tract

A

-complex of tissues, glands, and organs
-body rarely shows issues other than mild symptoms of rejection (eg.vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, gas). Homeostasis often returns on its own and medical intervention is not needed
**reason why our understanding of complex system has been neglected

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9
Q

Diarrhea

A

-not a disease, but a symptom of many diseases
-linked with GI tract, and results in high levels of fatality (dehydration)
-Ex. major cause of fatality in young piglets, young calves, and humans

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10
Q

Motility of GI tract

A

-movement of feed and water
-excretion

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11
Q

Secretion of GI tract

A

Secrete enzymes, bile acids, water, electrolytes

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12
Q

Digestion (breakdown)

A

-includes all activities of the alimentary tract (digestive tract, excluding accessory organs) and associated organs
-degradation of food

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13
Q

Absorption of GI tract

A

-movement of fluid, electrolytes, amino acids, fats, vitamins, out of the lumen of the GIT

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14
Q

Barrier of GI tract

A

-controls entry into the animal of substances that may be toxic/infectious if they could freely enter
-forms a barrier to the outside

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15
Q

Communication of GI

A

-pre and post absorptive communication with other tissues

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16
Q

Cat GIT

A

-components: stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine
-very large capacity of stomach (larger than dog)

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17
Q

Horse GIT

A

-components: stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine
-largely intestines (large intestine has higher capacity than small intestine even though they are longer)

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18
Q

Pig GIT

A

-Components: stomach, small intestine, stomach, large intestine
-small cecum
-similar capacity for intestines and stomach

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19
Q

Sheep and Goats GIT

A

-Components: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, cecum, large intestine
-large capacity rumen, followed by intestines

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20
Q

Chicken GIT

A

-components: small intestine, cecum, large intestines
-small capacity

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21
Q

Dog GIT

A

-components: stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine
-stomach has larger capacity, followed by intestines (smaller than cats)

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22
Q

Intestine length for different animals

A

-Horse 1:12
-Ox 1:20
-Sheep and goat:1:27
-Pig: 1:14
-Dog 1:6
-Cat 1:4
-Rabbit: 1:10

**sheep> Ox > pig > horse > rabbit > dog > cat (herbivore > omnivore > carnivore)

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23
Q

Variation in anatomy and physiology of GIT

A

-within each species, there is still variation within each individual
-ex. Buddy and Eddy- cats: one individual will eat quickly and still be hungry afterwards whereas the other one slowly eats and feels full.
-signals from GI tract and brain can be different between individuals

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24
Q

GIT basic structure

A
  • Tube within a tube
  • Open to environment
25
Q

Tube structure layers

A

-Mucosa
-Submucosa
-Muscularis
-serosa

26
Q

Serosa (adventitia)

A

-outermost layer of GIT
-a layer of squamous mesothelial cells
-part of the mysentary that lines the surface of the abdominal wall and suspends the organs within the abdominal cavity
-secretes a thin viscous fluid

27
Q

Muscle layers

A

-muscalaris propria (externa) composed of two layers of smooth muscle, organized circumferentially (circular muscle layer) or longitudinally
-Between the muscles is the myenteric plexus (auerbach’s plexus)- a dense network of nerve cells

28
Q

Submucosa

A

-loose connective tissue with collagen and elastin
-contains glands in some areas
-nerve trunks, blood vessels and lymph vessels
-submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system

29
Q

Mucosa

A

-innermost layer
-consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis muscosae

30
Q

Organization of mouth

A

stratified squamous epithelium

31
Q

Organization of stomach

A

-columnar epithelium
-some crypts present

32
Q

Organization of small intestine

A

-columnar epithelium
-crypts and villi

33
Q

Organization of large intestine

A

-columnar epithelium
-crypts present

34
Q

Purpose of Villi

A

-create a massive surface area for absorption (top 20% is where majority of absorption occurs)
-very large (human=tennis court)

35
Q

Microvilli

A

-also increase SA, but more likely contributes to barrier function with the glycocalyx locking between microvilli

36
Q

Proliferative zone or regenerative zone

A
  • Mid crypt, does not go down into the base of the crypt
  • Area for cell proliferation. Takes cells 2-3 days to migrate to tip in adult, 7-10 days in neonatal animal
  • Also area where goblet cells, endocrine cells, and Paneth cells proliferate (but they migrate slower)
37
Q

Villus height and crypt depth

A

-villus height increases
-crypt depth decreases away from mouth

38
Q

Goblet cell distribution

A

number of goblet cells increases further away from mouth

39
Q

Tissue with highest cell turnover

A

-intestine
-related to recovery rates

40
Q

Neonatal piglet turnover rate

A

-turnover rate is about 7 days
-undeveloped flora
-means that diarrhea may last longer, recover soon

41
Q

How long does it take mature gut to develop?

A

2-3 days

42
Q

How do immature calls mature?

A

-mature as they slide along the basement membrane to the villous tip

**exceot enteroendocrine cells

43
Q

Senescent cells

A

-extruded from the tip, excreted in feces
-“Endogenous fecal material”

44
Q

How many cells does each crypt produce?

A

-300-400 cells per day

45
Q

Surface glycocalyx

A

-contains digestive and absorptive enzymes

46
Q

Enterocytes

A

-tall columnar cells

47
Q

GI circulation of villi

A

-each villi with vessels forming a countercurrent exchange system
-highly permeable capillaries support absorption of solutes and water by gut

48
Q

Necrosis of gut

A

-when flow is low, O2 can diffuse from the arteries to the veins producing hypoxia at the tip of the villi
-prolonged reduction in intestinal blood flow (hemorrhage) can cause necrosis in the gut

49
Q

Blood supply of GIT

A

-multiple anastomoses involving:
-coeliac artery
-superior (cranial) mesenteric artery
-inferior (caudal) mesenteric artery
-iliac arterial tree

50
Q

Coeliac artery

A

-supplies stomach, spleen, lower esophagus and liver

51
Q

Superior (cranial) mesenteric artery

A

-supplies jejunum, ileum, ascending and transverse colon

52
Q

Inferior (caudal) mesenteric artery

A

-supplies descending and sigmoid colon

53
Q

Iliac arterial tree

A

-supplies colon and rectum

54
Q

Portal vein

A

-blood drains from GI into the liver via portal vein
-supplies 70% of blood to liver, other 30% from hepatic artery makes up to 25% of cardiac output
*except in sheep where only 5-7% comes from the hepatic artery

55
Q

Blood flow during a meal

A

-increases 100%
-hormones released: CCK, secretin, and gastrin

56
Q

Blood flow distribution to the small intestine

A

-70% of blood goes to mucosa, 15% goes to submucosa, 15% to muscle layer
-blood flow in the villi is 2x the crypts, but villi still likely site of countercurrent exchanger system

57
Q

Countercurrent exchanger mechanism

A

-exchanger shunts oxygen form arterial to venous side
-thought to be needed for epithelial shedding and to maintain osmotic gradients
-may make anoxic necrosis worse during shock and may contribute to the GI being the shock organ in some species

58
Q

Pathways for lipid-soluble vs. water-soluble nutrients

A

-water soluble nutrients will move through portal vein into the liver, and eventually caudal vena cava
-lipid soluble nutrients will move through lymphatic vessels into the thoracic duct

Monogastric GI (22 decks)

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