Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
Clinical Chemistry Tests measure ______ or ______ in body fluids.
A
Concentration or Activities of Substances (analytes)
2
Q
CC Tests may use the following body Fluids: (5)
A
- Whole Blood
- Serum
- Plasma
- Urine
- CSF
3
Q
Why is Serum the most preferred specimen?
A
It has no Anticoagulant
4
Q
What are the activities of substance that CC Tests measure? (3)
A
- Ion
- Molecules
- Complexes
5
Q
What are the Analytes that CC measures? (7)
A
- Protein
- Enzymes
- Metabolites
- Drugs
- Ions
- Salts
- Minerals
6
Q
What is the difference between Automated and Semi Automated?
A
There is no pipetting needed for Automated.
7
Q
What Scope of Clinical Chemistry is related to Substance Abuse/Drug Abuse?
A
Toxicology
8
Q
What Scope of Clinical Chemistry is related to Drugs for Illness/Disease?
A
Pharmacology
9
Q
Give 3 Examples under TDM.
A
- Antidepressants
- Antibiotic
- Anti-metabolite
10
Q
What are the 4 electrolytes under Salt?
A
- Sodium (Na)
- Potassium (K)
- Chloride (Cl)
- Bicarbonate
11
Q
What analytes are increased in cases of metabolic syndrome?
A
Metabolites
12
Q
What are the 5 examples under Metabolites?
A
- Glucose
- Cholesterol
- Creatinine
- Uric Acid
- Triglycerides
13
Q
What are the 3 examples of Ions?
A
- Magnesium
- Calcium
- Iron
14
Q
The results obtained in CC Test are compared to ______
A
Reference Intervals/Reference Range
15
Q
Clinical Chemistry as a ____ involves knowlege of general chemistry, organic chemistry & biochemistry with human physiology.
A
CC as a Science
16
Q
CC as a _____ produces evidence
A
CC as a Service
17
Q
CC as a _____ involves business under regulations and practices.
A
CC as an industry
18
Q
What deals with the incorporation of different laboratory identifiers or identification though technology or computer?
A
Laboratory Information System (LIS)
19
Q
This scope of CC deals with the 4 Fundamental Biomolecules.
A
Biochemistry
20
Q
What are the 4 Fundamental Biomolecules under biochemistry?
A
- Lipid
- Protein
- Glucose
- Nucleic Acid
21
Q
What is the Reference Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry?
A
Lung Center of the Philippines
22
Q
What scope of CC deals with automation and machines?
A
Instrumentation
23
Q
What scope of CC deals with Drugs?
A
Pharmacology
24
Q
What Scope of CC Deals with tracing toxic substances in the body?
A
Toxicology
25
What is the Reference Laboratory for Toxicology?
East Avenue Medical Center
26
What are the 6 core tests under CC?
1. Glucose
2. Renal Function Test
3. Liver Function Test
4. Lipid Profile
5. Enzymes
6. Electrolytes
27
the core test "glucose" is for the diagnosis of?
Diabetes Mellitus
28
what are the 3 substances under Kidney Function Test?
1. Uric Acid
2. Urea
3. Creatinine
29
What are the substances under Liver Function Test? (6)
1. Bilirubin
2. Albumin
3. Total Protein
4. Alkaline Phosphatase
5. Aspartate transaminase
6. Alanine Aminotransferase
30
What are the 3 enzymes under Liver Function Test?
1. Alkaline phosphatase
2. Alanine Aminotransferase
3. Aspartate transferase
31
What Core test is for the detection of Cardiovascular Diseases?
Lipid Profile
32
What are measured under lipid profile? (4)
1. HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)
2. LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)
3. Total Cholesterol
4. Triglycerides
33
What core test is used for the detection of Organ Damage?
Enzymes
34
What are measured under the core test for enzymes? (3)
1. Amylase
2. Lipase
3. Creatine Kinase
35
Amylase and Lipase are primarily used for the diagnosis of?
Acute Pancreatitis
36
What is used for the Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction?
Creatine Kinase
37
What assess the fluid/hydration in our body?
Electrolytes
38
What are the 6 Specialized Tests?
1. Hormones
2. Specific Proteins
3. Trace Elements
4. Vitamins
5. Drugs
6. Lipoprotein
39
What specialized test can detect hyperthyroidism?
Hormones
40
What are the 3 examples of Hormones Tested?
1. TSH
2. T3
4. T4
41
What are the 3 Examples under Trace Elements?
1. Zinc
2. Cobalt
3. Manganese
42
What Vitamin involves Skin and Regulates Hormones?
Vitamin D
43
Vitamin C deficiency is also known as?
Scurvy
44
What are the 2 Special Lipoprotein?
1. B-VLDL (Beta - Very Low Density Lipoprotein)
2. LPA (Lipoprotein A)
45
What are the 2 common Lipoprotein?
1. HDL
2. LDL
46
What is the most common sample under CC?
Blood
47
Site and Method of Collection for Adults?
Median Antecubital Fossa & Venipuncture
48
Site and Method of collection for Infants?
Lateral Plantar Heel & Heel prick method
49
What is the order of the preferred site of collection?
1. Median
2. Cephalic
3. Basilic
50
Why is Basilic the last choice for site of puncture?
It is close to Brachial Artery
51
What are the 3 forms of blood?
1. Whole Blood
2. Serum
3. Plasma
52
It is composed of Liquid + Formed Elements.
Whole Blood
53
Form of blood without anticoagulant
Serum
54
What does Plasma have that Serum does not?
Fibrinogen (F1)
55
The act of drawing blood sample
Phlebotomy
56
Medical Professional drawing the blood
Phlebotomist
57
Examples of Electrolytes in found in the body (3)
1. Na
2. K
3. Cl
58
Next most common specimen after blood?
Urine
59
It is the sample used for evaluating kidney functions and waste products excreted by kidneys
Urine
60
Method of collection of Urine for chemistry testing (2)
1. 24-hour urine
2. Random Specimen
61
24 hour urine is usually used to test?
Metabolites
62
It is a clear and colorless fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal Fluid
63
Method of collection for CSF?
Lumbar Puncture or Spinal Tap
64
CSF is intended for the diagnosis of? (2)
1. Meningitis
2. Neurological Diseases
65
CSF Collection is done using how many tubes?
3-4 Tubes
66
1st Tube of CSF is for?
CC and Immunology
67
CSF glucose % of plasma glucose?
60-70%
68
Normal volume of CSF protein
15-45 g/dl
69
2nd Tube of CSF is for?
Microbiology
70
what tube of CSF is for Hematology?
3rd Tube
71
4th Tube of CSF is for?
Specialized Histopathology and Cytology
72
______ provides nutrients and lubricant for the Brain and spinal cord
CSF
73
What are the other body fluids included in Clinical Chemistry? (5)
1. Pleural Fluid
2. Pericardial Fluid
3. Peritoneal Fluid
4. Amniotic Fluid
5. Synovial Fluid
74
______ is found in the gastrointestinal tract and is collected via _____
Peritoneal Fluid / Paracentesis
75
Fluid found in the heart and is collected via?
Pericardial Fluid / Pericardiocentesis
76
what is Pleural Fluid and how is it collected?
Fluid in the lungs / collected via Thoracentesis
77
This fluid is produced by pregnant women and how is this collected?
Amniotic Fluid / Amniocentesis
78
This fluid lubricates the joints and how is this collected?
Synovial Fluid / Arthrocentesis
79
It is the excessive amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus
Polyhydramnios
80
Peritoneal fluid is also known as?
Ascitic fluid
81
What are included in the specimen rejection criteria? (4)
1. Unlabeled
2. Improperly Labeled
3. Mismatched specimen
4. Insufficient Quantity
82
2 indentifiers under the specimen criteria
1. Name
2. Date of Birth
83
Complete request form (8)
1. Name
2. Age
3. Date
4. Time
5. Test
6. Sex
7. Physician
8. Diagnosis
84
Incorrect ratio of blood to anticoagulant may yield?
Erroneous Result / Diluted Blood Sample
85
Hemolyzed sample maybe unsuitable for tests such as? (4)
1. Potassium
2. Magnesium
3. Phosphorus
4. Enzyme
86
Consequences of Specimen rejection? (3)
1. Repeat Collection
2. Delay result and analysis
3. Delay treatment of px
87
Laboratory Workflow in CC Section (5)
1. Requisition
2. Specimen Collection
3. Transport and Processing
4. Result Transmission/Repeat Testing
5. Interpretation of Result
88
Common Analytes in CC Lab (3)
1. Ions, Salts, Minerals
2. Small Organic Molecules
3. Large Molecules
89
Example of Small organic molecules (4)
1. Metabolites
2. Therapeutic Drugs
3. Toxicology
4. Drugs of Abuse
90
Examples of Large Molecules (4)
1. Transport Proteins
2. Enzymes
3. Specific Proteins
4. Diabetes Marker
91
Quality Standards for all clinical laboratories to ensure accuracy, reliability and timeliness of px test result.
CLIA (1988)
92
2 Levels of Regulations under CLIA
1. Waived Test
2. Non-Waived Tests
93
Simple laboratory examinations and procedures that are cleared by FDA for home use
Waived Test
94
Moderately and highly complex tests as defined by the requirements for operator skill, reagent prep and automation.
Nonwaived test
95
When and who found that urea could be synthesized in vitro without any vital force
Friedrich Wohler / 1828
96
wohler discovered that urea could be produced by?
Evaporating an isomeric solution of ammonium cyanate
97
Who looked back on experiments of Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier in pneumatic chemistry
Henry Bence Jones
98
who said "Few and Scanty, indeed, are the rays of light which chemistry has flung on the vital mysteries"
Robert James Graves
99
Who complained that clinicians do not use their chemistry laboratory services except when need for "luxurious embellishment for a clinical lecture"?
Max Josefvon Pettenkofer
100
When did urine test for diabetes and carbohydrate metabolism investigations started?
1815
101
Who first used the term "clinical Chemistry laboratory"?
Johann Joseph Scherer
102
Where did Scherer first used to term "Clinical Chemical Laboratory" ?
Klinisch Chemischem Laboratorium
103
Who is the Founder of Modern Clinical Chemistry and is an outstanding clinical chemist to be able to give an excellent interpretation of analytical results
Donald D. Van Slyke
104
When was Crude Techniques but advances to understand the living material made despite limitations?
19th Century
105
What was discovered in the 19th century? (3)
1. Characterized and isolated starch, fate and blood proteins
2. Cholesterol in Gall Stones
3. Chemical Composition of Urine
106
Who invented the Technicon Autoanalyzer?
Dr. Leonard Skeggs
107
When were radioisotopes used in Assay Scintillation counting devices?
1970
