introduction Flashcards
1
Q
-coined by JA Schmidt
-study of the physical, chemical, biochemical & biological properties of drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources
A
Pharmacognosy
2
Q
aspects of pharmacognosy
A
-history
-identification
-cultivation
-collection
-preparation
-evaluation
-preservation
-distribution
-use
3
Q
medicinal plants used during ancient times
A
1-yarrow
2-marshmallow
3-grounsel
4-centuary
5-ephedra
6-muscari
4
Q
medicinal plants during ne stone age
A
1-papaver somniferum
2-sambucus ebulus
3-fumaria officinales
4-verbena officinales
5-saponaria officinales
6-menyanthes trifoliata
5
Q
land b/w rivers (tigris/euphrates)
A
ancient mes0potamia (iraq)
6
Q
first developed civilization
A
sumerians
7
Q
wedged shaped patterns pressed into wet mud
A
cuneiform writing system (mesopotamia)
8
Q
largest & oldest surviving medical treaties from ancient mesopotamia
A
treaties of medical diagnosis & prognosis
9
Q
provided the earliest known record of practice of the art of apothecary
A
babylonians
10
Q
practitioners of healing
A
priest
pharmacist
physician
(sometimes, all in one)
11
Q
sorcerer, diagnose the ailment
A
Ashipu
12
Q
physician, specialist in herbal remedies
A
Asu
13
Q
one of the texts recommends the application of dressing consisting of sesame oil, w/c acted as an antibacterial agent
A
law code of hammurabi
14
Q
ebers papyrus contains
A
800 prescriptions
700 drugs
15
Q
-bought the papyrus in 1862
-the papyrus contains surgical instructions & formulas for cosmetics
A
edwin smith papyrus
16
Q
-oldest papyrus, deals with the health of woman, including birthing instructions
A
kahun medical papyrus
17
Q
-father of pharmacognosy
-wrote de materia medica
-5 volumes
A
pedanios dioscorides
18
Q
-traditional medicine of ancient india
-ayur = life
-veda = study
eat slowly & mindfully
A
ayurveda
19
Q
earliest source of greek medical knowledge & descriptions of ancient greek
A
homer
20
Q
contains more information concerning treatment of injuries than odyssey
A
iliad
21
Q
-father of botany
-wrote de historia plantarum & de causis
A
theophrastus
22
Q
published historia plantarum & de causis
A
johannes bodaeus
23
Q
-pharmacist & physician of gladiators
-originator of cold cream
A
Galen (galenicals)
24
Q
ingredients of cold cream
A
rose water
olive/almond oil
beeswax
25
moisturizer, treat mild sunburn
cold cream
26
-persian physician
-the master wiseman
-wrote kitab ash- shifa
avicenna (arabian era)
27
-ibn sina
-al shaikh al raees
avicenna
28
kitab-ash-shifa
-a vast philosophical & scientific encyclopedia
-written by avicenna
29
-among the most famous books in the history of medicine (arabian era)
-written by avicenna
canon of medicine
30
-famous & influential medical & health center
-school of salermo, italy
-epitomized by the work of a christian physician
Constantine the African
31
-introduced the arabian medicine to europe
-experiments of cohpon
-regimen sanitatis salerni (instruction on amintaining good health)
constantine the african
32
-gather herbs & simples in the field or raised them in their own herb garden (garden of simple)
-prepare it according to the art of apothecary for the benefit of the sick/injured
Monks
Monastic Pharmacy
33
-motivator of bock
-a pastor & physician
-town physician of bern
-wrote herbaram vivae eicones
-otto brunfels
-book contains original 135 detailed woodcuts of plants
34
first to create a system of botany that classified plants into 3 categories
-herb, shrub, tree
heironymous bock
-german father of botany
35
developed the prototype of modern phytography- plant description
heironymous bock
36
-full page illustrations
-added 100 plants not mentioned in earlier herbals
-the genus fuchsia was named in his honor
fuchs leonhart
37
-botanist & physician
-personal physician of ferdinand II, archduke of prague & austria, emperor maximillian II & to the holy emperor
-commentary on dioscorides' work
pietro andrea mattioli
38
developed the first microscope in holand
Zacharias Jansen
39
-Father of microbiology
-invented the first practical microscope & use them to become the first person to see & describe bacteria & sperm
Anton Van Leewenhoek
40
discovered the use of digitalis & published an account of the foxglove & describe some of its medical uses
William Withering
41
Gave the world's opium chief narcotic principle- morphine- & recognize the importance of a new class of organic compounds: alkaoids
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner
42
Emitine- ipecacuanha (1817)
Strychnine & Brucine- nux vomica (1818)
Quinine & Cincochine (anti-malarial)- cincoma bark (1820)
Joseph Bienjamin Caventou & Pierre Joseph Pelletier
43
natural substances which have undergone the process of collection and drying
crude drugs
44
Found as sedimentary deposits and as weathering or hydrothermal alteration products of rocks containing a high proportion of alumina-silicate minerals
Kaolin
45
* Used to stop bleeding and for a condition that involves swelling and sores in the mouth
* Kao– pectate– tx for diarrhea
Kaolin
46
* Syn: Diatomaceous earth, Diatomite
* Soft, siliceous sedimentary rock that can be crumbled into a fine white to off-
white powder
* Component in toothpaste
* Used as a filter to clarify syrups and sugar and as a filling material in paper, paints, ceramics, soap and detergents.
Kieselguhr
47
Preparation of crude drugs
1- collection
2- harvesting
3- drying
4- curing
5- garbling
48
ensuring the true natural source of the drug
collection
49
-time wherein the drug in a part of a plant is highest in its content
-leaves: 8-10AM
collection time
50
collect when photosynthesis is active
flower tops/leaves
51
collect when fully matured
seeds
52
collect prior or just about the time of pollenation
flowers
53
collect during dry weather
gums & oleoresin
54
citrus fruits: pectin
unripe: protopectin
just ripe: pectin
overipe: pectic acid
55
marijuana young leaves
cannabidiol
56
marijuana mature leaves
cannabicol (THC)
tetrahydrocannabinol
57
to collect the materials without damaging the plant
harvesting
58
arrange systemically according to size, etc.
sorting
59
-removes moisture to ensure good keeping qualities
-process depends on the part of the plant to be dried
-flavonoids: will start degrade at 60degC
Drying
60
-stop action of enzyme & other chemical reaction
-fixes the active ingredient in a drug product
-prevents molds * bacterial action
-prevents change of color
drying
61
types of drying
-air drying (leaves)
-artificial drying (microwave) (fruits)
-vacuum drying
-sun (roots)
62
-special drying process that enhances the properties of plant's active ingredient
-vanilla bean
-tobacco
curing
63
final step in the preparation of crude drugs, removal of extraneous matter such as other parts of the plants, dirt, & adulterants
-cleaning
-sorting
-grading by size, etc.
*must pass the quality standard (USP)
garbling
64
packaging, storage & preservation
-factors to consider:
1- moisture
2- light
3- temperature
4- insects
65
packaging, storage & preservation
storage materials
paper boxes
barrels
sacks
cans
66
to determine the quality & purity of drugs
evaluation of crude drugs
67
uses the organs of senses for evaluation of crude drugs
organoleptic
68
evaluate the microscopic appearance of drug
microscopic
69
bioassay procedures, assays that uses living animals or excised organs to evaluate the effect of drugs
pharmacologic
70
test for oxytoxin
use rooster
71
test for digitalis
use pigeon
72
test for atropine
use cat
73
test for heparin
use sheep plasma
74
assay of active constituents using chemicals (titration- best method of determining official potency)
chemical evaluation
75
chemical evaluation for
cottonseed oil
halphen's test
76
chemical evaluation for
ergot
Van Urk's reagent
77
chemical evaluation for
purine bases
murexide test
78
chemical evaluation for
tropane alkaloid
vitalis test
79
covers phytochemical screening: Alkaloids
(+) mayer's reagent = cream ppt
(+) dragendorff's reagent = orange brown ppt
80
using physical constants to determine the purity of drugs
physical:
-moisture content
-viscosity
-melting point
-optical rotation
81
measured on air-dried basis
-should be minimized to prevent decomposition or microbial contamination
moisture content
82
index of a drug composition standardizing liquid drugs
viscosity
83
index of purity
melting point
84
determine if drug is optically active, determined at 25degC using sodium lamp as light source
optical rotation
85
ration of velocity of the light in vacuum/velocity in the substance, constant for liquids, fixed in oils & volatile oil
refractive index
86
residue remaining after incineration
-reps organic salts naturally occurring, adhering to, or deliberately added to the drug
-criteria of identity or purity of drug
ash content
87
approximate measure of the chemical constituents of a drug
extractives
88
classification of crude drugs
1- alphabetical
2- taxonomic
3- morphological
4- pharmacologic
5- chemical
89
* Debasement of an article
* Involved different conditions
* Inferiority – substandard drug regardless of cause
* Spoilage – microbial attack
* Deterioration – impairment in the quality of drug
* Admixture – addition of one article to another; Cause: ignorance, carelessness or accident
* Sophistication – intentional or deliberate
* Substitution – entirely different article sold or used
adulteration of crude drugs
90
obtain the desirable portion and eliminate the inert material by treatment with a selective solvent known as menstruum
extraction
91
during extraction, it is the undissolved portion of the drug
residue
92
the product of extraction process
percolate or extractive
93
appropriate solvents:
fats - hexane
resins- alcohol
chlorophyll - acetone
chrysarobin- hot benzene
94
sequential extraction
non-polar (hexane)
semi-polar (acid acetate)
polar (ethanol)
95
exhausted extraction
-when the solvent no longer dissolves a significant amount of the compound from the sample
- further extraction with the same solvent will not increase the yield
96
drugs w/c contains water-soluble active constituents
-tannins, sugars, glycosides)
water soluble extractives
97
determine approximate resin content of drug, official method for assay of myrrh & asofoctida
alcohol soluble extractives
98
-volatile ether-soluble extractives, represent volatile oil of the drug
-non-volatile ether- represents resins, fixed oil, coloring matter
ether soluble extractives
99
METHODS OF EXTRACTION
1. Infusion – hot water (eg. Tea); less contact time
2. Maceration – soaked in solvent for long period of time regardless of the
temperature; saturating the portions
3. Percolation – continuous extracting process
4. Digestion - <30° - 40°C; slow heat
5. Decoction – boiling water
6. Liquid – liquid extraction: partitioning
7. Distillation – for volatile substances
100
process of producing
drug biogenesis & biosynthesis
101
-for disease resistance
-secondary metabolites produced in plants for protection versus infection & other attacking organisms
phytoalexins
-resveratrol - slenda
-scopoletin- solnum tuberosum
-capsidol- a defensive sesquiterpene produced by wild tobacco
