Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

blueish or cyanotic skin

A

blood from lungs doesn’t have enough oxygen

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2
Q

erythema

A

engorgement of capillary beds, giving skin a red color

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3
Q

bilirubin build up in blood

A

jaundice, yellowing of skin & white eyes

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4
Q

lines surgeons use to minimize scarring

A

Langer’s lines (not using them causes keloid scarring)

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5
Q

damage to collagen fibers in dermis

A

stretch marks from pregnancy or obesity

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6
Q

lacerations involving epidermis

A

superficial lacerations

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7
Q

gape in epidermis, subcutaneous tissue, and dermis that requires suturing

A

deep lacerations

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8
Q

thermal trauma, radiation, chemical agents cause?

A

burns

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9
Q

symptoms: erythema, pain, edema

A

1st degree burn

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10
Q

blistering & nerve ending damage but no damage to sweat glands & hair follicles; scarring

A

2nd degree burn

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11
Q

muscle damage that requires skin grafting

A

3rd degree burn

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12
Q

additional ossification centers

A

accessory bones

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13
Q

bones that form in soft tissues

A

heterotropic bones; ex: horse riders

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14
Q

collar of callus

A

holds forming bones together; made from proliferation of fibroblasts that secrete collagen

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15
Q

incomplete break caused by bone bending

A

greenstick fracture

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16
Q

reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue

A

osteoporosis —> decrease of both inorganic and organic bone components

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17
Q

common site of red bone marrow harvesting from spongy bone

A

sternum; bone marrow transplant used in leukemia treatment

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18
Q

disappearance of epiphyseal plate

A

occurs around puberty but earlier for girls; marker for child’s age in radiograph

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19
Q

illness or starvation causes what in bone?

A

early or late epiphyseal fusion —> bone with thickened trabeculae

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20
Q

displacement of epiphyseal plate in a child is equal to what in an adult?

A

fracture of bone

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21
Q

death of bone without arterial blood supply

A

avascular necrosis

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22
Q

epiphysis disorders from avascular necrosis of unknown cause

A

osteochondroses

23
Q

fontanelles

A

fibrous tissue where bones of newborns don’t contact each other; “soft spot” bulging: increased intracranial pressure (crying)depressed: dehydration

24
Q

degenerative joint disease that causes stiffness, discomfort, and pain

A

osteoarthritis

25
Q

surgery that examines joints for abnormalities

A

arthroscopy

26
Q

absence of muscle tone causes?

A

limb to be in a different position

27
Q

how far can skeletal muscles be stretched without sustaining damage?

A

1/3 of resting length except hamstring muscles (easy to pull)

28
Q

eccentric contractions

A

lengthening; ex: walking down stairs

29
Q

a test for muscle intactness

A

electromyography

30
Q

cardiac muscle fibers DON’T have?

A

satellite cells

31
Q

smooth muscle hyperplasia

A

increase in number in uterine wall during pregnancy

32
Q

how do smooth muscle cells develop?

A

pericytes (incompletely differentiated cells) located around capillaries

33
Q

hardening of arteries with thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls

A

arteriosclerosis

34
Q

build up of fat (cholesterol) in arterial walls, can causes thrombosis, ischemia, & infarction

A

atherosclerosis

35
Q

local intravascular clotting that may occlude artery or be removed and clog a smaller artery

A

thrombosis

36
Q

reduction of blood supply to an organ or region

A

ischemia

37
Q

local necrosis of tissue resulting from reduced blood supply

A

infarction

38
Q

weakened veins under pressure of supporting columns of blood against gravity

A

varicose veins

39
Q

movement of tumor cells to a site other than its origin by direct seeding of serous membranes of body cavities & lymphatic and blood vessels

A

metastasis

40
Q

lymphogenous spread of cancer

A

common for carcinomas (skin cancer)

41
Q

hematogenous spread of cancer

A

common for less common cancers such as sarcomas (CT cancers) Ex: liver and lung common sites. venous route instead of arterial

42
Q

infection of lymphatic vessels

A

lymphangitis

43
Q

infection of lymph nodes

A

lymphadentits

44
Q

localized edema when lymph doesn’t drain from body

A

lymphedema —> surgical removal of axilla nodes can cause lymphedema of limbs

45
Q

what stops the CNS from regenerating after injury?

A

astrocyte proliferation

46
Q

surgical section of functional units of dorsal and ventral roots for relief of pain and spastic paralysis

A

rhizotomy

47
Q

what are the only neurons that can proliferate?

A

olfactory neurons

48
Q

paresthesia

A

pins & needles sensation caused by pressure on a nerve

49
Q

crushing nerve injury

A

cell bodies survive & nerve CT coverings stay intact to guide the regrowing axon

50
Q

regeneration is unlikely to occur in?

A

severed neurons

51
Q

cutting nerve injury

A

requires surgery

52
Q

anterograde (wallarian) degeneration

A

degeneration of axons detached from cell bodies involving axon & myelin sheath

53
Q

compression of vasa nervosum

A

compromises blood supply, causes ischemia; “saturday night syndrome;” prolonged use of tourniquet