Introduction

Question 1

blueish or cyanotic skin

Answer 1

blood from lungs doesn’t have enough oxygen

Question 2

erythema

Answer 2

engorgement of capillary beds, giving skin a red color

Question 3

bilirubin build up in blood

Answer 3

jaundice, yellowing of skin & white eyes

Question 4

lines surgeons use to minimize scarring

Answer 4

Langer’s lines (not using them causes keloid scarring)

Question 5

damage to collagen fibers in dermis

Answer 5

stretch marks from pregnancy or obesity

Question 6

lacerations involving epidermis

Answer 6

superficial lacerations

Question 7

gape in epidermis, subcutaneous tissue, and dermis that requires suturing

Answer 7

deep lacerations

Question 8

thermal trauma, radiation, chemical agents cause?

Answer 8

burns

Question 9

symptoms: erythema, pain, edema

Answer 9

1st degree burn

Question 10

blistering & nerve ending damage but no damage to sweat glands & hair follicles; scarring

Answer 10

2nd degree burn

Question 11

muscle damage that requires skin grafting

Answer 11

3rd degree burn

Question 12

additional ossification centers

Answer 12

accessory bones

Question 13

bones that form in soft tissues

Answer 13

heterotropic bones; ex: horse riders

Question 14

collar of callus

Answer 14

holds forming bones together; made from proliferation of fibroblasts that secrete collagen

Question 15

incomplete break caused by bone bending

Answer 15

greenstick fracture

Question 16

reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue

Answer 16

osteoporosis —> decrease of both inorganic and organic bone components

Question 17

common site of red bone marrow harvesting from spongy bone

Answer 17

sternum; bone marrow transplant used in leukemia treatment

Question 18

disappearance of epiphyseal plate

Answer 18

occurs around puberty but earlier for girls; marker for child’s age in radiograph

Question 19

illness or starvation causes what in bone?

Answer 19

early or late epiphyseal fusion —> bone with thickened trabeculae

Question 20

displacement of epiphyseal plate in a child is equal to what in an adult?

Answer 20

fracture of bone

Question 21

death of bone without arterial blood supply

Answer 21

avascular necrosis

Question 22

epiphysis disorders from avascular necrosis of unknown cause

Answer 22

osteochondroses

Question 23

fontanelles

Answer 23

fibrous tissue where bones of newborns don’t contact each other; “soft spot” bulging: increased intracranial pressure (crying)depressed: dehydration

Question 24

degenerative joint disease that causes stiffness, discomfort, and pain

Answer 24

osteoarthritis

Question 25

surgery that examines joints for abnormalities

Answer 25

arthroscopy

Question 26

absence of muscle tone causes?

Answer 26

limb to be in a different position

Question 27

how far can skeletal muscles be stretched without sustaining damage?

Answer 27

1/3 of resting length except hamstring muscles (easy to pull)

Question 28

eccentric contractions

Answer 28

lengthening; ex: walking down stairs

Question 29

a test for muscle intactness

Answer 29

electromyography

Question 30

cardiac muscle fibers DON'T have?

Answer 30

satellite cells

Question 31

smooth muscle hyperplasia

Answer 31

increase in number in uterine wall during pregnancy

Question 32

how do smooth muscle cells develop?

Answer 32

pericytes (incompletely differentiated cells) located around capillaries

Question 33

hardening of arteries with thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls

Answer 33

arteriosclerosis

Question 34

build up of fat (cholesterol) in arterial walls, can causes thrombosis, ischemia, & infarction

Answer 34

atherosclerosis

Question 35

local intravascular clotting that may occlude artery or be removed and clog a smaller artery

Answer 35

thrombosis

Question 36

reduction of blood supply to an organ or region

Answer 36

ischemia

Question 37

local necrosis of tissue resulting from reduced blood supply

Answer 37

infarction

Question 38

weakened veins under pressure of supporting columns of blood against gravity

Answer 38

varicose veins

Question 39

movement of tumor cells to a site other than its origin by direct seeding of serous membranes of body cavities & lymphatic and blood vessels

Answer 39

metastasis

Question 40

lymphogenous spread of cancer

Answer 40

common for carcinomas (skin cancer)

Question 41

hematogenous spread of cancer

Answer 41

common for less common cancers such as sarcomas (CT cancers) Ex: liver and lung common sites. venous route instead of arterial

Question 42

infection of lymphatic vessels

Answer 42

lymphangitis

Question 43

infection of lymph nodes

Answer 43

lymphadentits

Question 44

localized edema when lymph doesn't drain from body

Answer 44

lymphedema ---> surgical removal of axilla nodes can cause lymphedema of limbs

Question 45

what stops the CNS from regenerating after injury?

Answer 45

astrocyte proliferation

Question 46

surgical section of functional units of dorsal and ventral roots for relief of pain and spastic paralysis

Answer 46

rhizotomy

Question 47

what are the only neurons that can proliferate?

Answer 47

olfactory neurons

Question 48

paresthesia

Answer 48

pins & needles sensation caused by pressure on a nerve

Question 49

crushing nerve injury

Answer 49

cell bodies survive & nerve CT coverings stay intact to guide the regrowing axon

Question 50

regeneration is unlikely to occur in?

Answer 50

severed neurons

Question 51

cutting nerve injury

Answer 51

requires surgery

Question 52

anterograde (wallarian) degeneration

Answer 52

degeneration of axons detached from cell bodies involving axon & myelin sheath

Question 53

compression of vasa nervosum

Answer 53

compromises blood supply, causes ischemia; "saturday night syndrome;" prolonged use of tourniquet