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Microbiology Exam 5 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 classes of CNS infectious diseases

A
  1. meningitis
  2. Encephalitis
  3. Mass Lesions
  4. Neurotoxemia-Tetnus
  5. Prion
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2
Q

What are the classes of PNS diseases

A
  1. Neurotoxemia-botulism
  2. Leprosy
  3. Guillain-Barre’ Syndrome
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3
Q

What is menigitis

A

meningeal inflammation resulting from an infection of the subarachnoid space

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4
Q

what is encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain parychema

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5
Q

what is mass lesion/abcess

A

macroscopic in size and of sufficient mass to press against normal brain tissue which increases ICP and causes focal seizures

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6
Q

what does the CT show in mass lesion/abcess cases

A

ring-enhancing (mass) lesion which is used for dx

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7
Q

what is leprosy

A

infection of the sensory nerves

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8
Q

what is Guillain-Barre’ Syndrome

A

demylenation of PNS

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9
Q

what is botulism

A

toxin that inhibits nerves at NM junction

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10
Q

what are the two types of prion disease

A

new variant CJD -prion of bovine spongiform encephalitis

CJD-Human prions

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11
Q

what class of organism causes the most amount of meningitis

A

viruses

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12
Q

what class of organism causes the 2nd most amount of meningitis?

A

bacteria

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13
Q

what disease simulates S&S of meningitis but it is a neurotoxemia

A

tetnus

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14
Q

Focal encephalitis is caused by primarily?

A

HSV-1 which is treatable with antiviral

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15
Q

Diffused encephalitis is caused by primarily?

A

arbovirus

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16
Q

what is encephomyelitis

A

inflammation of brain parenchyma with inflammation of the spinal cord

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17
Q

what is encephomyelitis majorily caused by

A

poliovirus and West Nile virus

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18
Q

What are the slow virus encephalitis diseases

A

HIV-1-associated cognitive/motor complex
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
subacute, sclerosing panencephalopathy

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19
Q

what are the etiologic agents that cause abcesses

A

s. aureus, anaerobes

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20
Q

what causes neurocysticerosis

A

taenia solium

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21
Q

what causes toxoplasmosis

A

toxoplasma gondii

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22
Q

what are the common causes of purulent/pyogenic meningitis which often results in severe disease? (age-dependent) (7)

A
  1. Neisseria meningitidis
  2. S. pneumoniae
  3. Hib
  4. S. agalactiae
  5. E. Coli K1
  6. Klebsiella pneumoniae
  7. listeria monocytogenes
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23
Q

Common causes of bacterial encephalitis &/or mass leisions (4)

A
  1. mycoplasma pneumoniae
  2. listeria monocytogenes
  3. s. aureas
  4. anaerobic infections
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24
Q

Common causes of Neurotoxic diseases (2)

A

Clostridium Botulism

C. tetani

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25
Common causes Aseptic meningitis (age-dependent) (8)
1. HHV 6/7 2. non-polio enteroviruses 3. arbovirus 4. HSV-2 5. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM) 6. HIV (only in sex/ IVDU) 7. Mumps virus (vaccine) 8. Polio (vaccine)
26
what age does aseptic HHV 6/7 meningitis occur in
infants and children less that 2
27
what age does aseptic non-polio enterovirus meningitis occur in
more common in children, but severe in adults
28
what are examples of non-polio enterovirus
ECHO Coxsackie Enterovirus 68-71
29
what age does aseptic arbvirus meningitis occur in
infect children and other adults
30
what age does aseptic LCM virus meningitis occur in
either children (rodents as pets) or adults (dust eating virus)
31
Who gets aseptic HIV meningitis
sexual activity and IVDU
32
who gets aseptic mumps meningitis
adolescents who do not get immunized
33
who gets aseptic polio meningitis
infants- young adults who do not get immunized
34
viral encephalitis etiology (9)
1. HSV-1 2. arbovirus 3. rabies 4. polio 5. non-polio enterovirus 6. HIV 7. JC virus 8. Measles 9. VZV & CMV
35
What is the most common cause of epidemic diffuse encephalitis and in what time of year does it occur
arbovirus | summer/fall months
36
what are the different types of arbovirus (7)
``` EEEV WEEV SLEV La Cross virus WNEV POWV Coltiviruses ```
37
etiology of focal encephalitis
1. HSV-1 (year round) 2. arbovirus and the non-polio enterovirus 3. Rabies Virus 4. polio and WNEV ( encephalomyelitis) 5. CMV 6. VZV 7. JC (John Cunningham) virus and PML
38
common fungi agents in CNS diseases?
Cryptococcus- a meningoencephalitis Candida- meningitis Coccidioides immitis- a meningoencephalitis
39
Agents that can affect a person with humoral diffeciency
1. s. pneumoniae 2. s. agalactiae 3. Hib 4. N. meningitidis 5. E. Coli K1 6. K. pneumoniae
40
Agents that can affect a person with Cell-mediated deficiency
1. listeria monocytogenes 2. Toxoplasma gondii 3. cryptococcus neoformans 4. CMV 5. JC virus and PML 6. HIV 7. LCMV 8. E. Coli K1?
41
Why is diagnosing Infectious diseases in elderly patients difficult?
1. hypothermic so don't present with fever 2. neck arthritis so already manifest with nuchal ridgidity 3. dementia can masks
42
How should you approach a newborn with fever
lumbar puncture
43
Nosocomial related infectious diseases
IVC | cochlear implants
44
bacteria carraige in nasopharynx and humans are only host
s. peumoniae Hib N. menegitidis s. agalactiae (also vagina, GIT, skin)
45
bacteria carriage in nares
s. aureus
46
bacteria carriage in humans mostly on mucosal surfaces
endogenous anaerobic flora
47
bacterial carriage in humans mostly in colon
s. agalactiae E. coli K. pneumoniae Listeria monocytogenes
48
bacterial carriage in humans mostly in colon with migration to vagina
s. agalactiae e. coli k. pneumoniae
49
Animals and humans are reservoir for which bacteria:
``` E. coli K1 K. pneumoniae L. monocytogenes M. leprae S. agalactiae S. aureus (humans mostly source of infection) ```
50
Reservoir for c. tetani
soil
51
reservoir for c. botulinum
soil, water, animal
52
reservoir for L. moncytogenes
everywhere
53
Viral Zoonosis
Arbovirus- animals and arthropods Rabies- mammals LCMV- mammals esp. rodents
54
humans are sole reservoir for which viruses
``` enterovirus measles herpes virus HIV JC and BK viruses mumps ```
55
what is the reservoir for cryptococcus neoformans
soil and bird
56
what is the reservoir for toxoplasma gondii
aminal
57
what is the reservoir for taenia solium
pig an human
58
what is the reservoir for naegleria fowleri
warm water
59
what is arbovirus Mode of Transmission (MOT)
animals and arthropods
60
what is rabies MOT
bat , racoon, skunk, and Dog
61
what is LCMV MOT
rodent
62
what agents have MOT of through tainted food
BOvine spongiform encephalopathy prion Taenia solium ( not directly to CNS) toxoplasma gondii
63
Fecal-Oral MOT
``` taenia solium Tocoplasma gondii enterovirus listeria LCMV ```
64
in-utero transmission
``` s. agalactiae listeria (more common) non-polio enterovirus LCMV Toxoplasma rubella CMV (more common) HSV (more common) ```
65
Parturition transmission
``` s. agalactiae (more common) listeria monocytogenes E. Coli K. pneumoniae HSV/CMV ```
66
inhalation of dust transmission
cryptococcus neoformans | LCMV
67
CNS infectious diseases agents that cause close contact outbreaks
hib meningococcus Non-polio enterovirus T. solum
68
Predisposing factor of anaerobes
endogenous flora
69
Predisposing factor of arbovirus
exposure to mosquitoes; ticks
70
Predisposing factor of cryptococcus neoformans
bird droppings
71
Predisposing factor of HSV-1
reactivation of latent infection
72
Predisposing factor of HSV-2
sexual contact
73
Predisposing factor of HIV
blood/ sex
74
Predisposing factor of LCMV
rodents, droppings secretions and fluids
75
Predisposing factor of listeria monocytogenes
animals, food
76
Predisposing factor of Measles-SSPE
humans exposure before 1yo
77
Predisposing factor of mycobacterium leprae
animals and humans
78
Predisposing factor of mycobacterium tuberculosis
human exposure
79
Predisposing factor of N. meningitis
human exposure, terminal complement deficiency
80
Predisposing factor of non-polio enterovirus
human feces
81
Predisposing factor of naegleria fowleri
fresh water with algae
82
Predisposing factor of polio entervirus
human feces
83
Predisposing factor of rabies
amimal exposure
84
Predisposing factor of s. aureus
another person
85
Predisposing factor of s. agalactiae
LBW, membrane rupture membrane >1 day before delivery vaginal colonization
86
Predisposing factor of s. pneumoniae
congenital csf leak
87
Predisposing factor of t. solium ova
human feces
88
Predisposing factor of t. solium cysticerci
undercooked pork
89
Predisposing factor of toxoplasma oca
cat feces
90
Predisposing factor of toxoplasma pseudocyst
uncooked meat
91
bacteria with year round seasonality
s. agalactiae e. coli k1 k. pneumoniae
92
bacteria with summer seasonality
listeria
93
bacteria with late winter-early spring seasonality
Hib n. meningitidis s. pneumoniae
94
virus with year round seasonality
Herpes (including CMV) HIV Rabies
95
virus with late summer early fall seasonality
ECHO and Coxsackie virus Polio virus arbovirus
96
virus with winter seasonality
LCMV
97
most common causes of congenital infections
``` TORCH Toxplasma Rubella CMV HSV 1, 2 ```
98
what is the leading cause of infection and morbidity in the neonate
CMV
99
bacterial agent by age: neonate
1. s. agalactiae 2. E. Coli K1 3. L. monocytogenes 4. K pneumoniae
100
bacterial agent by age: infant to adult
1. n. menegitides | 2. s. pneumoniae
101
bacterial agent by age: elderly
1. n. menigitides 2. s. pneumoniae 3. listeria monocytogenes
102
agents that have intra-axonal transport inside nerves
rabies herpes polio tetnus toxin
103
signs and symptoms of any neonatal meningitis
``` fever lethergy poor feeding gi disturbances resp. abnormalities cardiac abnormalities bulging fontanelle ```
104
signs and symptoms of any meningitis > 2yo
``` irritability lethargy fever rash progressive of symptoms which can show progression to meningoencephalitis ```
105
5 different signs of meningeal inflammation
``` Nuchal ridity Kernig sign Brudzinski sign Opisthotonos Hoyne Sign (Amoss, Tripod position) ```
106
agents that cause a maculopapular rash
``` non-polio enterovirus arbovirus HSV s. pneumoniae N. meningitides Hib ```
107
agents that cause a vesicular rash
HSV fungi non-polio enterovirus
108
agents that cause a petechial/purpuric rash
s. pneumoniae n. meningitides Hib
109
what is encephalopathy
altered consciousness lasting >24hrs
110
Encephalitis is encephalopathy plus 2 or more of the following symptons
``` fever seizures altered mental status severe headache focal neurologic indins CSF pleocytosis abnormal neuroimaging ```
111
signs and symptoms specifically for neonate sepsis or encephalitis include
``` same as meningitis: fever lethargy poor feeding gi disturbances cardiac abnormalities Resp. abnormalities Bulging fontanelle ```
112
signs and symptoms of a mass lesion
``` fever headaches seizures- focal or tonic-clonic focal signs altered mental status ```
113
what three syndromes are considered floppy (hypotonic) paralysis
Gullain-Barre' Syndrome Botulism Polio virus- kills neurons
114
what syndrome is considered spastic (hypertonic) paralysis
tetanus
115
treatment for c. tetenaii
metronidazole
116
treatment for e. coli
metronidazole
117
treatment for hib
cetriaxone, cefotaxime, or TMP-SMX
118
Treatment for listeria
ampicillin plus gentamycin or TMP-SMX
119
treatment for k. pneumoniae
ampicillin plus gentamycin or TMP-SMX
120
tx for m. leprae
dapsone plus rifampin or clofazimine
121
tx for n. meningitidis
ceftriaxone or ceftaxomine
122
tx for s. pneumoniae
vancomycin plus extend spectrum cephalosporin
123
tx for s. agalactiae
Penicillin G
124
tx forToxoplasma gondii
sulfonamides or clindamycin plus pyrimethamine
125
tx forcryptococcus neoformans
amphotericine B with 5-fluorocytosine
126
tx for HSV
acyclovir
127
tx for non polio enterovirus
pleconaril
128
tx for Naegleria fowleri
miltefosine
129
tx for Neurocysticercosis
niclosamide, praziquantel, albendazole
130
which CNS agents do vaccines exist for:
``` s. pneumoniae Hib n. meningitides polio rabies botulism tetanus measles mumps ```

Microbiology Exam 5 (7 decks)

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