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Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the material categories?

A

Composite, ceramic, metal, and polymer

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2
Q

What kind of material are composite resin and glass-ionomer?

A

Polymer-ceramic

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3
Q

Are there metal-polymers in dentistry?

A

No

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4
Q

How are dental materials characterized?

A

By the structure, properties, applicability, requirements, aesthetics, handling properties, and patient satisfaction

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5
Q

What are examples of suboptimal materials used early in history?

A

Copper, tin, bronze, and gold

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6
Q

What are materials used to construct artificial organs, rehabilitation devices, or prostheses and replace natural body tissue?

A

Biomaterials

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7
Q

Can bio materials cause harm or a negative reaction?

A

No

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8
Q

What are examples of synthetic biomaterials

A

Composites and silicone impression material

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9
Q

What are examples of natural biomaterials

A

Alginate and hydrocolloids

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10
Q

What are examples of tissue-engineered biomaterials

A

Stem cells, replacement tissues (grow tooth from bud)

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11
Q

Properties of metal

A

Hard, ductile (bend w/o breaking), strong

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12
Q

Properties of ceramics

A

Hard, brittle, strong

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13
Q

Properties of polymers

A

Soft, ductile, weak

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14
Q

Which materials have high processing temperatures?

A

Metals and ceramics

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15
Q

Which material has a lower processing temperature?

A

Polymers

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16
Q

Which material tend to be used as direct process materials?

A

Polymers

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17
Q

How are metals used in dentistry?

A

Cast metal crowns, implants, metal-ceramic crowns, endo treated teeth

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18
Q

How many electrons do metallic elements have in their outer shell?

A

1-3

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19
Q

Are electrons tightly or loosely bound to the nucleus in a metal bond?

A

loose

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20
Q

What does is mean that electrons have free mobility in metallic bonds?

A

thermal and electrical conductivity, ductility-bend without breaking

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21
Q

What is the microstructure of metals?

A

polycrystalline structures - single phase-single composition

formation of grains upon cooling

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22
Q

How many metals are mixed in metal alloys?

A

Two or more

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23
Q

Where are metal alloys used in dentistry?

A

cast crowns and amalgam fillings

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24
Q

Are metal alloys more or less ductile?

A

Less ductile and stronger (resists forces)

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25
Why are noble metals used?
To resist reformation and impede dislocations | AKA makes defects less prone to failure
26
What are examples are solid solution hardening metals?
Gold, silver, palladium, and platinum
27
True or False | The larger the grain size of the metal, the better the mechanical properties?
False | The smaller the grain size the better the mechanical properties
28
What is the microstructure of ceramic?
crystalline (long range order) or noncrystalline (short rang or no long range)
29
What is the microstructure of most dental ceramics?
semicrystalline or polycrystalline
30
What is the microstructure of dental porcelain?
glass w/ some crystalline residuals )noncrystalline or amorphous silcate glass)
31
What is the building block of dental procelain?
silicon tetroxide
32
how is dental procelain processed?
sintering or melt at high temperatures
33
define sinter
make a powered material (coalesce) into a solid or porous mass by heating withOUT liquefication
34
What are some characteristics of polymer bonds?
Covalent bonds, high MW, and long molecules (composed of C,O,N,H)
35
How do polymers derive their strength?
entanglement and cross-linking or long chains
36
What are the 4 steps of directpolymerization
Light activation of initiator Initiation of monomer Propagation of free-radical Termination of free-radical
37
What is the result of activation of the initiator molecule using light?
generates free radical
38
How is the monomer initiated?
The free radical reacts with the monomer, opening a double bond through electron transfer to free radical, producing a radical monomer
39
How is polymerization terminated?
There are no longer sites for the radical to react or run out of monomer
40
Does a polymer change phase during polymerization?
Yes, the monomer is in a liquid state while a polymer is generally solid
41
Define activation
free radical initiation via a specific wave length of light
42
Define initiation
free radical combines with monomer, opening double bond
43
One word definition of propagation
Growth
44
Effects of propagation
chain growth decreased V shrinkage
45
What is the structural difference between monomethacrylates and dimethacrylates
mono- forms linear chains that are dntangled | di- double amount of double bonds available allow for a branched and cross-linked chain
46
Does branching and cross-linking increase or decrease mechanical properties and longevity?
increases
47
What is the speed of polymerization once initiated?
Fast
48
Does polymerization generate heat?
Yes
49
What does "in vivo" mean?
direct placement into oral cavity
50
Why can polymers be used in vivo?
``` low viscosity stable specific trigger for initiation rapid setting initation can occur at room temperature ```
51
Are metal and ceramic able to be used in vivo?
No, they are used indirectly because of high processing temperatures EXCEPT : amalgam and cements
52
How are polymers used in dentistry?
temporary crowns, adhesives, restoratives, and impression materials
53
what are the goals of composite resins?
to achieve some intermediate properties between the two material types (mixture of HA and collagen)
54
Define rule of mixture
by knowing the phase in the structure of any material and its interfacial interactions, it is possible to predict the overall properties **know the ratio
55
What are the materials in dental composite resins?
``` dispersed phase (glass filler for hardness) matrix phase (monomer resin) photoinitiatior (acitvate polymerization) ```
56
what is the purpose on silane coupling agents?
to bond resin and fillers to each chemical to improve mechanical properties
57
How does increasing filler VOLUME affect the property of composite?
``` increase strength, increase modulus (stiffness), increase viscosity, decrease shrinkage ```
58
How does increasing filler SIZE affect the property of composite?
increases surface roughness
59
What is the average filler amount? why?
75-80 wt % to produce high strength and stiffness
60
Give the material structures
atomic arrangement bonding composition defects
61
What are examples of atomic arrangement?
crystalline (grains) vs non-crystalline (glassy)
62
What types of bonding are there?
primary - metallic, ionic, covalent | secondary - van der waals, hydroen
63
What are the 2 aspects of composition?
elements and phases
64
What are two types of defects?
macroscopic (pores) and atomic scale (microflaws)
65
What are two mass properties?
density and specific gravity
66
define density
weight/unit volume
67
Which materials have the highest and lowest densities?
``` High = metal Low = polymers ```
68
Define specific gravity
relative density or the density of a material/ density of water
69
Define thermal expansion
a thermal property where most things contract when cold and expand when hot
70
Define heat flow
a thermal property, measuring the conduction of heat
71
Do insulators have high or low eat flow
Low
72
Do metals have high or low conductivity
High
73
Do composites have high or low thermal conductivity?
Low
74
What does it mean if a metal has high electrical properties?
it conducts electricity
75
What is the significance of electrical properties?
corrosion of metal and galvanic reaction
76
Do composite or ceramics conduct electricity?
No
77
Define optical properties
its color, translucency, gloss, and surface | determines how light rays interact w/ surface
78
How many dimensions do colors have?
3 hue (color) value (intensity) chroma (pureness)
79
What is metamerism
two objects of the same color are perceived as different because of different reactions with different light sources

Dental Materials (6 decks)

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