Introduction

Question 1

Define a broadcast workflow.

Answer 1

It is a workflow which ensures that critical business processes can be implemented, tracked and optimised over time.

Question 2

Workflows are used to orchestrate the interactions of which workplace resources.

Answer 2

Storage

Transcoding

Network

People

Question 3

What are photosites?

Answer 3

Photosites (photo/photon sensing site) are “pixels” on the camera sensor.

Question 4

What is the purpose of a debayering / demosaicing algorithm?

Answer 4

To reconstruct a full colour image from the incomplete colour samples which are output from an image sensor overlaid with a Colour Filter Array (CFA).

Question 5

What is a CFA?

Answer 5

A Colour Filter Array is a mosaic of tiny color filters placed over the photosites of an image sensor to capture color information.

Question 6

What does the REC 709 standard define?

Answer 6

REC 709 defines the High Definition (HD) colour space and formatting.

Question 7

What does the REC 2020 standard define?

Answer 7

REC 2020 defines the standard for Ultra High Definition (UHD) television with a standard dynamic range.

Question 8

What does the REC 2100 standard define?

Answer 8

The REC 2100 standard defines High Dynamic Range (HDR) for both High Definition (HD) and Ultra High Definition (UHD).

Question 9

What is ProRes 422?

Answer 9

ProRes 422 is an Apple lossy video compression (Codec) which is able to support up to 8K.

Question 10

What is DNxHD?

Answer 10

Avid DNxHD is a lossy video compression (Codec) which will support up to 4K and the REC 2020 colour space.

Question 11

What is NLE?

Answer 11

Non-Linear Editing (NLE) is is a form of audio, video or image editing where the original content is not modified in the course of editing (Non-destructive) – instead the edits are specified and modified by specialized software.

Question 12

What is XAVC?

Answer 12

XAVC is a professional recording format / codec.​

Question 13

What wrapper / container does XAVC typically use?

Answer 13

XAVC typically uses the .MXF (Material eXchange Format) container.

Question 14

What audio does XAVC use?

Answer 14

XAVC uses Linear Pulse Code Modulated (LPCM) audio.

Question 15

What resolution can XAVC support?

Answer 15

XAVC supports up to 4K resolution.

Question 16

What bit depth does XAVC support?

Answer 16

XAVC supports 8 bit, 10 bit and 12 bit depth.

Question 17

What colour sampling can XAVC support?

Answer 17

XAVC can support 4:2:0, 4:2:2 or 4:4:4 colour sampling.

Question 18

What is XAVC S?

Answer 18

XAVC S is a prosumer recording format / codec.

​

Question 19

What wrapper / container does XAVC S typically use?

Answer 19

XAVC S uses the .MP4 container.

Question 20

What audio does XAVC S use?

Answer 20

XAVC S uses Linear Pulse Code Modulated (LPCM) audio.

Question 21

What bit depth does XAVC S support?

Answer 21

XAVC S only supports 8 bit depth.

Question 22

What resolution can XAVC S support?

Answer 22

XAVC S supports up to 4K resolution.

Question 23

What colour sampling can XAVC S support?

Answer 23

XAVC S only supports 4:2:0 colour sampling.

Question 24

What is the purpose of a Wrapper / Container?

Answer 24

• Wrappers contain video, audio and metadata (such as timecode or subtitles).
• Different wrappers / containers are able to hold different codecs.

Question 25

What is an Essence?

Answer 25

An essence-only format is defined as **basic A/V or graphic data**, compressed or not. For example, **JPEG data is graphic essence** and **PCM (Pulse-Code Modulation) audio is raw audio essence**.

Question 26

What is .mov?

Answer 26

Quicktimes proprietary **wrapper / container**.

Question 27

What is .mpg?

Answer 27

The MPEG **wrapper / container**.

Question 28

Which essences do Panasonic cameras produce?

Answer 28

* **DV** * **DVCPRO 50** * **DVCPRO HD** * These essences can be encapsulated within a .**MXF (Media eXchange Format)** wrapper.

Question 29

What are the steps of a typical News Production Workflow?

Answer 29

Question 30

What are the main contribution sources?

Answer 30

* **Dedicated links**. * **Satellite connections**. * **IP-based connections** (High/low resolution).

Question 31

What are the secondary contribution sources?

Answer 31

* **Archive**. * **Other News Agencies**. * **Stock Footage**. * **Internet sources** (i.e. youtube).

Question 32

What storage mediums are used?

Answer 32

* **Tape**. * **Hard drives (disk)**. * **Solid State Drives (SSDs)**. * **Mobiles / Handheld Devices**.

Question 33

What methods of distribution are available?

Answer 33

* Terrestrial * Satellite * Cable * Web (Both Live streams and VoD (Video on Demand)) * Mobile

Question 34

What is IMF?

Answer 34

**Interoperable Master Format (IMF)** is a SMPTE standard for providing a single interchangeable master file format and structure for the distribution of media between organisations. * Uses a .MXF (Media eXchange Format) wrapper * Has a versioning hierarchy format (AS-02)

Question 35

What are the key aspects for contribution?

Answer 35

* Picture Quality. * Latency (less important in distribution). * Synchronisation. * Encryption.

Question 36

What are the tolerances for audiovisual syncrhonisation?

Answer 36

* **-5 milliseconds to +15 milliseconds** are tolerable for **lip sync** in a production context. * **-5 milliseconds to +30 milliseconds** are tolerable in a **contribution** context.

Question 37

What media encryption is used in a broadcast workflow?

Answer 37

* In contribution there is very little standards available for encryption. * In distribution there are a wide array of encryptions available in addition to entitlement schemes. * Entitlement schemes only allow conditional access to media for users which meet certain defined criteria.

Question 38

What are the different types of quality grading for media?

Answer 38

1. Contribution quality 2. Broadcast Quality 3. Good Quality 4. Acceptable Quality 5. Mobile Phone Quality

Question 39

What is Contrubition Quality equivalent to?

Answer 39

Contribution Quality is equivalent to **uncompressed / very mildly compressed** source material.

Question 40

What frame rate must Contribution Quality be at?

Answer 40

Contribution Quality must be at **full frame rate**.

Question 41

What colour sampling is usually associated with Contribution Quality?

Answer 41

Contribution Quality usually uses **4:2:2 chroma sub-sampling**.

Question 42

What is Broadcast Quality media equivalent to?

Answer 42

Broadcast Quality media is equivalent to **satellite, terrestrial and cable** broadcast.

Question 43

What frame rate does Broadcast Quality media use?

Answer 43

Broadcast Quality media uses **full frame rate** but of **slightly lower quality than contribution quality**.

Question 44

When would Good quality media be used?

Answer 44

Good Quality media is commercially acceptable but **only used as a last resort** or for **fast news responses**.

Question 45

What frame rate is required for Good Quality?

Answer 45

Good Quality media **does not necessarily use full frame rate**.

Question 46

In what context can Acceptable Quality media be used?

Answer 46

Acceptable Quality media is commercially acceptable for **low data rate applications**.

Question 47

What is a URI?

Answer 47

A **Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)** is used to identify an abstract or physical resource.

Question 48

What is used to identify an abstract or physical resource?

Answer 48

A **Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)**.

Question 49

What is a URL?

Answer 49

* A **Uniform Resource Locator (URL)** is a subset of **Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)** * This identifies a resources location through its "**access mechanism**" (such as a network location.

Question 50

Which subset of Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) identifies a resources location through its **"access mechanism**" (such as a network location)?

Answer 50

A **Uniform Resource Locator (URL)**.

Question 51

What is a URN?

Answer 51

A **Uniform Resource Name (URN)** is a subset of **Uniform Resourse Identifiers (URIs)** which identifies an item by its name.

Question 52

Which subset of **Uniform Resourse Identifiers (URIs)** is used to identify an item by it's name.

Answer 52

A **Uniform Resource Name (URN)**.

Question 53

What are "pixels" on the camera sensor reffered to as?

Answer 53

Pixels on the camera sensor are known as **photosites**.

Question 54

What is used to reconstruct a full colour image from the incomplete colour samples which are output from an image sensor overlaid with a Colour Filter Array (CFA)?

Answer 54

A **debayering / demosaicing algorithm**.

Question 55

What is the mosaic of tiny color filters placed over the photosites of an image sensor called?

Answer 55

A **Colour Filter Array**.

Question 56

What standard defines the High Definition (HD) colour space and formatting?

Answer 56

The **REC 709** standard.

Question 57

What is the standard for defining Ultra High Definition (UHD) television with a standard dynamic range?

Answer 57

The **REC 2020** standard.

Question 58

Which standard defines High Dynamic Range (HDR) for both High Definition (HD) and Ultra High Definition (UHD)?

Answer 58

The **REC 2100** standard.

Question 59

What is the name of Apple's lossy video compression (Codec)?

Answer 59

Apple's lossy video compression (codec) is **ProRes 422**.

Question 60

What is Avid's lossy video compression (Codec)?

Answer 60

Avid **DNxHD**.