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Psychology - Exam 1 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is psychology?

A

the science of behavior and mental process

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2
Q

psychology is an _______ science

A

empirical

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3
Q

psychology is an _______ field

A

interdisciplinary

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4
Q

some call the “father of psychology”

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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5
Q

Wilhelm Wundt was a _______

A

psychologist

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6
Q

wrote books about psychology

A

William James

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7
Q

was a philosopher who wrote books about psychology

A

William James

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8
Q

preformed with the dog salvation experiment

A

Ivan Pavlov

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9
Q

a physiologist who preformed the dog salvation experiment

A

Ivan Pavlov

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10
Q

a biologist

A

Jean Piaget

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11
Q

possibly the most famous person within psychology

A

Sigmund Frued

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12
Q

the three parts of the bio-psycho-social approach include:

A

biology, psychological, and social cultural

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13
Q

(BPS)- focus on the behaviors of an individual

A

psychological

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14
Q

(BPS)- looking at the specific behavior’s of people within a group ~ differences in the way people behave

A

social cultural

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15
Q

(mental processes)- focusing on the physical body; brain, hormones, nervous system

A

neuroscience

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16
Q

(mental processes)- Darwin’s theory to explain human behavior

A

evolutionary

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17
Q

(mental processes)- genes for different things; although just because one processes a gene for something doesn’t mean you’ll inherit the problem

A

behavior genetics

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18
Q

(mental processes)- someone’s behavior

A

behavioral

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19
Q

(mental processes)- human info processes

A

cognitive

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20
Q

(mental processes)- how countries are similar or different

A

social-cultural

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21
Q

(mental processes)- unconscious motives; see if something unconscious is at play

A

psychodynamic (early experiences)

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22
Q

example of neuroscience and why

A

depression; different brain chemistry

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23
Q

is psychology all common sense?

A

NO

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24
Q

the “I knew all along” phenomenon

A

hindsight bias

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25
(the man-who); didn't work for them, won't work for me
availability heuristic
26
more confidence than reality
overconfidence bias
27
random things actually mean something
backwards masking
28
occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs, motivated by wishful thinking
confirmation bias
29
(SE: 1)- can be proven false easily
falsifiability
30
(SE: 2)- seems to be logical
logic
31
(SE: 3)- take in all events
comprehensiveness
32
(SE: 4)- minimize bias
honesty
33
(SE: 5)- replicate studies, important
replicability
34
(SE: 6)- adequate number of results
sufficiency
35
scientific method steps:
1. construct a theory 2. generate a hypothesis from the theory 3. operational definition of measures - what our data is 4. test hypotheses through collecting observations data - see what we have 5. refine the theory 6. replicability is important---same results
36
hypothesis definition:
testable predictions
37
the three research strategies for conducting studies:
description, correlation, experimentation
38
(1/3) techniques- the observed behavior is described in some way
descriptive techniques
39
descriptive technique- when you study one person in great depth over an extensive period of time
case study
40
descriptive technique- record behavior of an organism in their natural habitat
naturalistic observation
41
descriptive technique- putting out a survey or questionnaire
survey method * watch out for bad surveys * watch out for "wording effects"
42
example of a: 1) case study 2) naturalistic observation 3) survey method
1) Anna O (Sigmund Freud) 2) dolphins; people in Walmart 3) survey- Kelloggs vs oatmeal
43
(2/3) techniques- the co-occurance of two traits together
correlation technique
44
the statistical measure of the relationship between two things
correlation
45
correlations are demoted by ___ to ___
-1.0 to +1.0
46
the closer to 0 a correlation means ___ of a correlation
less of a correlation
47
(1/2 correlation)- when one thing increases, so does the other
positive correlation = +1.0
48
(2/2 correlation)- as one thing goes up, the other goes down
negative correlation= -1.0
49
_____ correlation- a perceived relationship between two things doesn't really exist
illusory correlation
50
_____ does not cause _____
association; causation
51
(3/3) techniques- controlled laboratory experiments
experimentation technique
52
which example of experiment? - manipulating the factors of interest - controlling other (extraneous) factors
experimentation technique
53
what are the (5) parts of a typical experiment?
1. independent variable 2. dependent variable 3. experimental condition 4. control condition 5. random assignment of participants to condition
54
what the experiment manipulates
independent variable
55
the measure of behavior
dependent variable
56
two factors that must be monitored in experiments
1. demand characteristics | 2. experimenter's expectations
57
characteristics- the subjects want to look good to the experimenters
demand
58
three examples of demand characteristics
1. Martin Orne's work (class experiment test) 2. Milgram studies on obedience (voltage shocks) 3. Clever Hans (smart horse)
59
both the subjects and the experimenter do not know what condition the subject is in
double-blind procedure
60
an effect produced simply by the person's belief that something will have a desired effect
placebo effect
61
the idea of "if you think something will happen, it will happen"
self-fulfilling prophecy
62
ethics of experimentation- how does this relate to animals and/or people
is it ethical to experiment on animals and/or people
63
ethics of experimentation- explain the Nuremberg trials
adopted for medical research
64
experimentation on people- when was the APA adopted for people?
1952
65
yearly animal statistics- how many vertebrates and how many invertabrates
25 million vertebrates, 75 million invertebrates
66
yearly animal statistics- many animals are killed a year for food?
10 billion
67
some believe our compassion for animals depends on their perceived _____ to us
similarity
68
research ethic procedures set for human experimentation
Nuremberg code
69
what was the procedure before Nuremberg code
Nazis were being put through human experimentation for medical research

Psychology - Exam 1 (2 decks)

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